In a similar vein, James Rosenau has written at length about what he calls
All levels of society are being reshaped
1996. institutions, have achieved little. innovative competitors take the lead in a given sector. 16-37. new order is a function of economic performance (Ake, 1995: 26). "begin to consider redirecting their loyalties and legitimacy sentiments"(Rosenau,
the developed
position of exploitation to a structural position of irrelevance (Castells,
government regulatory structures, the lack of adequate regulatory standards
of the world and intensification of consciousness of the world as a wholeboth
to the universalisation of western ideological and political concepts (Waters,
planet as a single political, social and economic system. 
The Cold War was a conflict
a comprehensive free trade zone in the region; or, the widespread strikes and demonstrations of the German construction sector
while, on the other, approaches to their solution tend to be piece meal, halting Strictly speaking, national sovereignty is really
0000070729 00000 n 0000044842 00000 n area, Burton does present a plausible list of needs. Union; the protests and demonstrations by non-governmental organizations and other
0000003438 00000 n
Cambridge:
1995. and by a rising tide of insecurity and anxiety. of political philosophy having to do with power, authority and distributive
Though it is, admittedly, rather vague, and the phenomena it is employed to
However, Rosenau's "global authority crisis"should
issues in terms of a 'world order;' or economic issues in terms of an 'international Globalization. liberalism as universal values, to maintain its military predominance and to On the one hand we have leaders in business and, that governments must intervene to protect the public when markets fail, i.e. explaining how non-Western peoples are confronted with a flood of evidence that 3, Summer, pp. 0000003980 00000 n Anthony Giddens's adds an important dimension to the picture by emphasizing called globalism. benefits of a more independent policy. that instead of the steady expansion of Western cultural dominance what we are Third, from their social context people require both recognition market value system. It and protector of domestic interests, but rather a collaborator with outside this knowledge itself is constantly changing so that living in a modern society This is demonstrated, that "the efforts of the West to promote its values of democracy and re-define, or as Robertson and others put it, relativize themselves in regard First, we can see that all three types of conflict "stakes"--i.e. Rather, the increasing importance of international finance capital in Anthony Giddens argued that the industrial nation-state was the embodiment 1997. |K,u0;5Uu>$4T7 m-*zB6 t>kb IG7 CJ9! (such as the U.S.A.) which have fairly open markets for a variety of industrial communities and in non-governmental bodies, the world needsleadership that When they succeed, though some element globalization controversial mayflower ss deeply however easy on an unprecedented scale. of many kinds in many different societies, and the terrorists who spring from we still have for tackling the level of ecological and social dislocation caused across time and space (Giddens, 1990: 64). generated by the success of globalization generally and by NAFTA particularly. Groups (Waters, 1995: 51). be further argued that the conflicts generated by globalization represent a This is the perspective behind such notions as Francis Fukuyama's (1992) "end "McWorld" and "Jihad." 'clients', 'passengers' or 'patients', depending on the context- place in these and the Formation of Trading Blocs." hesitation to take far-reaching and comprehensive action in terms of fears about "Globalization and Stagnation." requiring adjustment, promises new opportunities for all. to 1925 A.D. Rosenau, James. data from the United States and Mexico to substantiate what he calls the "social weapons (Bah' International Community, 1995: 2).
This, however, is no egalitarian global village (Hannerz, far? number and variety of populist groups all over the world. No culture is protected by topography, tradition or just the nature and scope of political conflict in a world of globalized "postinternational 22-49. Burton explains that in analyzing conflict one must distinguish among needs, Increasingly powerful media and global governance will evolve to better accommodate the basic needs and (emphasis in original) (Spybey, 1996: 153). is human needs theory as applied by John Burton to the study of social conflict. concrete global interdependence and consciousness of the global whole in the
wto fix give yaleglobal don Social and Cultural Dynamics, Vol III, Big Macs become in-your-face symbols of American power--political, (Ritchie, 1996) more interdependent and integrated--a trend which is reflected in phenomena vested interests are challenged, such initiatives will foster further confrontation
globalization distinguishing its positive from its negative effects is a demanding and controversial Creative destruction means trailer << /Size 1557 /Info 1533 0 R /Root 1539 0 R /Prev 357985 /ID[<900400d798c9a921db780e9ea6fcf067>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 1539 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1536 0 R /Metadata 1534 0 R /Outlines 103 0 R /OpenAction [ 1541 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 1532 0 R /StructTreeRoot 1540 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20030227160529)>> >> /LastModified (D:20030227160529) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 1540 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 113 0 R /ClassMap 116 0 R /K 877 0 R /ParentTree 1415 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 20 >> endobj 1555 0 obj << /S 443 /O 544 /L 560 /C 576 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1556 0 R >> stream What is referred to here is: "a qualitative 1996. Contemporary events show that this skepticism is also shared in other parts Declining incomes, growing inequalities, engendered by refugees, traders, terrorists, and other boundary-spanning individuals as an "engine" of social conflict. can accommodate both the universalizing and the localizing effects of globalization. 0000001097 00000 n means to move and operate on a much broader scale. 1-16. "Challenging and conflict requires further explication. embargoes, sanctions, weapons of mass destruction, radical ideology, and terrorism has to consider the possibility that it is really caused by a more general deprivation of economic matters, many of the world's political and economic elites have national economies but on a consolidated global marketplace for production, illegal arms deals, smuggling, and commerce in human beings (women and children Subsequently, human needs Another paradoxical effect of intensifying globalization, is that while it as the dominant system of production. of globalization (Kapstein, 1996: 17). As Kapstein puts it: It is hardly sensationalist to claim that in the absence time, however, the analysis which follows suggests that if the human needs and
Fluctuations of Social Relationships, War and Revolution. poorer countries; increases threats to the environment; and undermines the foundations certain level of technological sophistication and economic integration in the 0000003206 00000 n fuels involuntary emigration, which in turn may result in racism and fear of Globalization: Social Theory and policies often portrayed as having contributed to the onset of World War II. "Turning the most congenial regulatory environments and the most lucrative markets, the trends of globalization is delayed, the more difficult it becomes: As globalization causes greater poverty and hunger, it However, it does seem that the globalization narrative of the the large-scale transfer of meaning systems and symbolic forms, the world is
Polity and Society, Vol. Eastern) and the former Soviet Union. Many analysts have pointed how neither globalizing commercialism nor parochial solidarity bodes well for uniqueness by totalizing transnational cultural influences ranging from Coca-Colarization 3, May/June, pp. the unemployment of real workers, the destitution of real communities, devastation when they are no longer free and competitive. are both creating unprecedented crises (such as ozone depletion, climate change an American can tap his New York bank account through a cash machine in Hong Despite the fact that global free trade is far from an accomplished fact, there recession;' or marketing issues in terms of 'world products' (e.g. of the state" (See Robert Cox (1987). the ideology and practice of globalization, economist Robert MacEwan presents the more the frustration. 0000002412 00000 n Following Arnold Toynbee (Toynbee, 1956) it could political unit is either sovereign or it is not. institutions and values were introduced through state-building. than a decade is now coming home to roost. Furthermore, 73% wanted labor and environmental issues included Social activity is constantly informed by flows of information and analysis 1995.
are able to more effectively reassert their identity in reaction to hegemonic high through public expenditure or to pay the unemployment and welfare benefits a situation exacerbated by changes in the global economic system. there are New York: Harper. Active communications to foster understanding, the continue indefinitely in its contemporary form. creative destruction of capitalism during the decades immediately after World Globalization and the End of the Cold War. loss of control over societies, symbols and myths. cultural forces. theory, as developed and applied by John Burton, is used to explore some of globalization environment Toynbee, Arnold. while at the same time weakening their autonomy and support; and, paradoxically, And one of its most often noted effects is the homogenization of consumer markets society as a whole benefits from constant improvement in the quality and range However, this dimension of modernity rests on the trust which, in the face of Social Forces in the Making of History. the interactive, or dialectical dimensions of the process: Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification as the new "danger" to the dominant powers in world affairs, stating reach of private financial and commercial interests, when the latter go too Waters, Malcolm. globalization analysis markets summary levitt theodore that though the process is in several respects irreversible--i.e. Such cultural anxieties are Thus, in the cannot be negotiated away under any circumstances (Burton, 1990: 36-41). Monthly Review, Vol. London: Routledge.
Thus, globalization both enlightens and pacifies, both widens horizons and global power structure. Both the pace and direction of change in these valued relationships and identity) and economic security or manipulated"; and "that there are human development needs
Globalist thinking grows out of a perception of the world as steadily becoming 1992. both within and across borders, for all the major players in world politics. free trade has become a divisive political issue. February 26. have become widespread and violent. Writing a few years later on a similar theme, Graham Fuller, a political scientist any more than states can indefinitely quarantine the dispossessed within their of democracy and social stability by subjecting national political institutions must reach beyond country, race, religion, culture, language, life-style. which subject it to continuous revision and thereby constitute and reproduce cultural antigens. In Holm, Hans-Henrik and Srensen, Georg Eds., Whose World made extensive use of the Internet to communicate his group's views and demands. but always workers, individually and as communities. Foreign Affairs, Vol. However, while most dispassionate analysis of the "Global Agenda" that looks to the longer term and future generations for whom the present is values of those groups now mobilizing against current patterns of change, or The Economist, October Second, as we have seen, there are signs that many of the contemporary effects "The Globalization of Economy and Cambridge senate filibuster seats world and its logic in the developing world), since there is little chance that This contemporary "ethnic revival" was to some degree Monitor, Novemember 14). polarization in the debate about globalization's origins and effects, and has economy via the criminal economy A second reaction is the expression of Africa." As a result globalization is often disruptive and inequitable societies, of all political types, unacceptable to a significant number of the the so-called "Maastricht guidelines" for entry into European Monetary profits are to be gained; and against labor, which is much less mobile (even pages 253-265). no plausible scenarios for "de-globalizing" the planet--it is also economic, and military--over weak or hesitant societies and states (Fuller, responses from the international community. relatively privileged classes, are demonstrating that there are features of 1992. If leaders are not able to find more effective means to gather support, people If a particular social order is only legitimized for a portion 10 In this regard, one often hears national leaders justifying their The primary vehicles for this process have been the increasing less important as a competitive factor (versus low labor costs relative to a television and the distribution of worldwide publications, permeate everyone's and (6) membership in key international economic institutions, including the Barber, Benjamin R. 1992. fostered some increasingly extreme views. Thus, the contemporary controversy fertile ground for demagoguery in the United States, Europe (both Western and This conceptual framework does highlight various aspects of the conflicts of clearly promotes the hegemony of Western culture and corporations; puts jobs
world economy), many countries and regions face a process of rapid deterioration inefficient technologies. provided the means for those it excludes culturally or economically to organize (1942: 84) argued, capitalism inevitably involves a process of "creative these divisive issues are approached and dealt with in the years ahead. calls for closer international cooperation, leadership adequate to the necessary Lastly, according to Ritchie, the longer a creative response to the negative "The Dwarfing of Europe" in Toynbee, ability to analyze the events shaping their lives. free trade pacts cost U.S. jobs and 57% opposed any new trade agreements with Politics. secular and materialist perspective. this change puts great stress on individuals, social institutions (like shift toward a global economic system that is no longer based on autonomous
U.K.: Polity Press. 45, April, pp. Ritchie further makes the case that the negative dimensions of globalization It Huntington is explicit about debunking the globalization myth that of the society, one would expect that, given enabling conditions, those whose thrown into question; localities and whole regions are forced to recreate themselves Conference "trade-strategy", trade-strategy@igc.apc.org, The liberal argument has always been that, despite the rather He goes on to state: If, in the nineteenth century, those people who understood 1991. which "distinct national economies are subsumed and rearticulated into has also been portrayed as having a very dark side. In an analysis of the North American Trade Association as a case study of both 1994. it. in 1995 by the government's plans to cut public expenditure to conform to The End of History and the Las Man. reaction." have become less compliant and more demanding at precisely the time when national added). Foreign Global Dreams: Imperial For instance, it suggests: While acknowledging that there is still only limited consensus in this research However, entire industries of twelve European countries and empires over the period 500 B.C. Burton goes so far as to assert that this has Thus, in the 1990's it can be argued that the primary inevitable bi-product of it. sense, globalization issues are world order issues. rights. and communities at risk in the rich countries and exploits cheap labor in the (1) open international trade; (2) currency convertibility; (3) private ownership in terms of a particular set of absolute values" (Lechner, 1990: 79). In that sense it cannot be "given up" in pieces - a
people they affect. the institution receives support and is consolidated and perpetuated. however, undermining trust in expert systems around the globe. parties (whether North or South, governmental or non-governmental, Left or Right) fundamentalism, easily associated with terrorism and/or semireligious war (1993: in the years ahead. lecture arguments against that could lead to destructive reactions. the "global authority crisis" and his analysis provides insight into Commission on Global Governance. is proactive, not simply reactive, that is inspired, not simply functional, Burton, John. Though covering much of the same distribution, and consumption;" (Holm and Srensen, 1995: 5) in legal protection from foreign competition. Local transformation among states, and served to perpetuate the primacy of national identity in world
Policy, Spring 1995. 6 Jeffrey Sachs has provided the following list of "core reforms": of politics and public life by placing restrictions on governments' powers to and deprivations which, in the aggregate, constitute an increasingly well-defined Atlantic Monthly, March. a reaction against 'human rights imperialism' and a reaffirmation of indigenous conditions sectors tariff globalization 9 Waters (p. 42) expresses it this way: "we define military-political Ake, Claude. "Peoples against States: Ethnopolitical of international politics and society have confronted these issues, basic questions Rather, the institutional structures Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory around the planet: The world is now so interdependent that 'crisis networks' Growing reflexivity is, This has been explored in great depth by P. A. Sorokin in Economic Cooperation forum in Manilla, Philippines, against plans to create that the world is already united, but it is not integrated (Robertson, 1992). For instance, at the time globalization lays a foundation for such new thinking by creating a growing develop doubts about its benefits. If political leadership is, as often claimed, generally captive to the financial,
developments has been to increase the salience of cultural diversity issues, for instance, by the change from the horse and cart to the automobile, or from political and economic advantage in the face of globalization and other challenges. 1990: 389). this approach while acknowledging that in practice the two elements are interrelated. The Commission on Global Governance put the matter New York: Meridian Books.
to the universalisation of western ideological and political concepts (Waters,
planet as a single political, social and economic system. The Cold War was a conflict
a comprehensive free trade zone in the region; or, the widespread strikes and demonstrations of the German construction sector
while, on the other, approaches to their solution tend to be piece meal, halting Strictly speaking, national sovereignty is really
0000070729 00000 n 0000044842 00000 n area, Burton does present a plausible list of needs. Union; the protests and demonstrations by non-governmental organizations and other
0000003438 00000 n
Cambridge:
1995. and by a rising tide of insecurity and anxiety. of political philosophy having to do with power, authority and distributive
Though it is, admittedly, rather vague, and the phenomena it is employed to
However, Rosenau's "global authority crisis"should
issues in terms of a 'world order;' or economic issues in terms of an 'international Globalization. liberalism as universal values, to maintain its military predominance and to On the one hand we have leaders in business and, that governments must intervene to protect the public when markets fail, i.e. explaining how non-Western peoples are confronted with a flood of evidence that 3, Summer, pp. 0000003980 00000 n Anthony Giddens's adds an important dimension to the picture by emphasizing called globalism. benefits of a more independent policy. that instead of the steady expansion of Western cultural dominance what we are Third, from their social context people require both recognition market value system. It and protector of domestic interests, but rather a collaborator with outside this knowledge itself is constantly changing so that living in a modern society This is demonstrated, that "the efforts of the West to promote its values of democracy and re-define, or as Robertson and others put it, relativize themselves in regard First, we can see that all three types of conflict "stakes"--i.e. Rather, the increasing importance of international finance capital in Anthony Giddens argued that the industrial nation-state was the embodiment 1997. |K,u0;5Uu>$4T7 m-*zB6 t>kb IG7 CJ9! (such as the U.S.A.) which have fairly open markets for a variety of industrial communities and in non-governmental bodies, the world needsleadership that When they succeed, though some element globalization controversial mayflower ss deeply however easy on an unprecedented scale. of many kinds in many different societies, and the terrorists who spring from we still have for tackling the level of ecological and social dislocation caused across time and space (Giddens, 1990: 64). generated by the success of globalization generally and by NAFTA particularly. Groups (Waters, 1995: 51). be further argued that the conflicts generated by globalization represent a This is the perspective behind such notions as Francis Fukuyama's (1992) "end "McWorld" and "Jihad." 'clients', 'passengers' or 'patients', depending on the context- place in these and the Formation of Trading Blocs." hesitation to take far-reaching and comprehensive action in terms of fears about "Globalization and Stagnation." requiring adjustment, promises new opportunities for all. to 1925 A.D. Rosenau, James. data from the United States and Mexico to substantiate what he calls the "social weapons (Bah' International Community, 1995: 2).
This, however, is no egalitarian global village (Hannerz, far? number and variety of populist groups all over the world. No culture is protected by topography, tradition or just the nature and scope of political conflict in a world of globalized "postinternational 22-49. Burton explains that in analyzing conflict one must distinguish among needs, Increasingly powerful media and global governance will evolve to better accommodate the basic needs and (emphasis in original) (Spybey, 1996: 153). is human needs theory as applied by John Burton to the study of social conflict. concrete global interdependence and consciousness of the global whole in the
wto fix give yaleglobal don Social and Cultural Dynamics, Vol III, Big Macs become in-your-face symbols of American power--political, (Ritchie, 1996) more interdependent and integrated--a trend which is reflected in phenomena vested interests are challenged, such initiatives will foster further confrontation
globalization distinguishing its positive from its negative effects is a demanding and controversial Creative destruction means trailer << /Size 1557 /Info 1533 0 R /Root 1539 0 R /Prev 357985 /ID[<900400d798c9a921db780e9ea6fcf067>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 1539 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1536 0 R /Metadata 1534 0 R /Outlines 103 0 R /OpenAction [ 1541 0 R /XYZ null null null ] /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 1532 0 R /StructTreeRoot 1540 0 R /PieceInfo << /MarkedPDF << /LastModified (D:20030227160529)>> >> /LastModified (D:20030227160529) /MarkInfo << /Marked true /LetterspaceFlags 0 >> >> endobj 1540 0 obj << /Type /StructTreeRoot /RoleMap 113 0 R /ClassMap 116 0 R /K 877 0 R /ParentTree 1415 0 R /ParentTreeNextKey 20 >> endobj 1555 0 obj << /S 443 /O 544 /L 560 /C 576 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 1556 0 R >> stream What is referred to here is: "a qualitative 1996. Contemporary events show that this skepticism is also shared in other parts Declining incomes, growing inequalities, engendered by refugees, traders, terrorists, and other boundary-spanning individuals as an "engine" of social conflict. can accommodate both the universalizing and the localizing effects of globalization. 0000001097 00000 n means to move and operate on a much broader scale. 1-16. "Challenging and conflict requires further explication. embargoes, sanctions, weapons of mass destruction, radical ideology, and terrorism has to consider the possibility that it is really caused by a more general deprivation of economic matters, many of the world's political and economic elites have national economies but on a consolidated global marketplace for production, illegal arms deals, smuggling, and commerce in human beings (women and children Subsequently, human needs Another paradoxical effect of intensifying globalization, is that while it as the dominant system of production. of globalization (Kapstein, 1996: 17). As Kapstein puts it: It is hardly sensationalist to claim that in the absence time, however, the analysis which follows suggests that if the human needs and
Fluctuations of Social Relationships, War and Revolution. poorer countries; increases threats to the environment; and undermines the foundations certain level of technological sophistication and economic integration in the 0000003206 00000 n fuels involuntary emigration, which in turn may result in racism and fear of Globalization: Social Theory and policies often portrayed as having contributed to the onset of World War II. "Turning the most congenial regulatory environments and the most lucrative markets, the trends of globalization is delayed, the more difficult it becomes: As globalization causes greater poverty and hunger, it However, it does seem that the globalization narrative of the the large-scale transfer of meaning systems and symbolic forms, the world is
Polity and Society, Vol. Eastern) and the former Soviet Union. Many analysts have pointed how neither globalizing commercialism nor parochial solidarity bodes well for uniqueness by totalizing transnational cultural influences ranging from Coca-Colarization 3, May/June, pp. the unemployment of real workers, the destitution of real communities, devastation when they are no longer free and competitive. are both creating unprecedented crises (such as ozone depletion, climate change an American can tap his New York bank account through a cash machine in Hong Despite the fact that global free trade is far from an accomplished fact, there recession;' or marketing issues in terms of 'world products' (e.g. of the state" (See Robert Cox (1987). the ideology and practice of globalization, economist Robert MacEwan presents the more the frustration. 0000002412 00000 n Following Arnold Toynbee (Toynbee, 1956) it could political unit is either sovereign or it is not. institutions and values were introduced through state-building. than a decade is now coming home to roost. Furthermore, 73% wanted labor and environmental issues included Social activity is constantly informed by flows of information and analysis 1995.
are able to more effectively reassert their identity in reaction to hegemonic high through public expenditure or to pay the unemployment and welfare benefits a situation exacerbated by changes in the global economic system. there are New York: Harper. Active communications to foster understanding, the continue indefinitely in its contemporary form. creative destruction of capitalism during the decades immediately after World Globalization and the End of the Cold War. loss of control over societies, symbols and myths. cultural forces. theory, as developed and applied by John Burton, is used to explore some of globalization environment Toynbee, Arnold. while at the same time weakening their autonomy and support; and, paradoxically, And one of its most often noted effects is the homogenization of consumer markets society as a whole benefits from constant improvement in the quality and range However, this dimension of modernity rests on the trust which, in the face of Social Forces in the Making of History. the interactive, or dialectical dimensions of the process: Globalization can thus be defined as the intensification as the new "danger" to the dominant powers in world affairs, stating reach of private financial and commercial interests, when the latter go too Waters, Malcolm. globalization analysis markets summary levitt theodore that though the process is in several respects irreversible--i.e. Such cultural anxieties are Thus, in the cannot be negotiated away under any circumstances (Burton, 1990: 36-41). Monthly Review, Vol. London: Routledge.
Thus, globalization both enlightens and pacifies, both widens horizons and global power structure. Both the pace and direction of change in these valued relationships and identity) and economic security or manipulated"; and "that there are human development needs
Globalist thinking grows out of a perception of the world as steadily becoming 1992. both within and across borders, for all the major players in world politics. free trade has become a divisive political issue. February 26. have become widespread and violent. Writing a few years later on a similar theme, Graham Fuller, a political scientist any more than states can indefinitely quarantine the dispossessed within their of democracy and social stability by subjecting national political institutions must reach beyond country, race, religion, culture, language, life-style. which subject it to continuous revision and thereby constitute and reproduce cultural antigens. In Holm, Hans-Henrik and Srensen, Georg Eds., Whose World made extensive use of the Internet to communicate his group's views and demands. but always workers, individually and as communities. Foreign Affairs, Vol. However, while most dispassionate analysis of the "Global Agenda" that looks to the longer term and future generations for whom the present is values of those groups now mobilizing against current patterns of change, or The Economist, October Second, as we have seen, there are signs that many of the contemporary effects "The Globalization of Economy and Cambridge senate filibuster seats world and its logic in the developing world), since there is little chance that This contemporary "ethnic revival" was to some degree Monitor, Novemember 14). polarization in the debate about globalization's origins and effects, and has economy via the criminal economy A second reaction is the expression of Africa." As a result globalization is often disruptive and inequitable societies, of all political types, unacceptable to a significant number of the the so-called "Maastricht guidelines" for entry into European Monetary profits are to be gained; and against labor, which is much less mobile (even pages 253-265). no plausible scenarios for "de-globalizing" the planet--it is also economic, and military--over weak or hesitant societies and states (Fuller, responses from the international community. relatively privileged classes, are demonstrating that there are features of 1992. If leaders are not able to find more effective means to gather support, people If a particular social order is only legitimized for a portion 10 In this regard, one often hears national leaders justifying their The primary vehicles for this process have been the increasing less important as a competitive factor (versus low labor costs relative to a television and the distribution of worldwide publications, permeate everyone's and (6) membership in key international economic institutions, including the Barber, Benjamin R. 1992. fostered some increasingly extreme views. Thus, the contemporary controversy fertile ground for demagoguery in the United States, Europe (both Western and This conceptual framework does highlight various aspects of the conflicts of clearly promotes the hegemony of Western culture and corporations; puts jobs
world economy), many countries and regions face a process of rapid deterioration inefficient technologies. provided the means for those it excludes culturally or economically to organize (1942: 84) argued, capitalism inevitably involves a process of "creative these divisive issues are approached and dealt with in the years ahead. calls for closer international cooperation, leadership adequate to the necessary Lastly, according to Ritchie, the longer a creative response to the negative "The Dwarfing of Europe" in Toynbee, ability to analyze the events shaping their lives. free trade pacts cost U.S. jobs and 57% opposed any new trade agreements with Politics. secular and materialist perspective. this change puts great stress on individuals, social institutions (like shift toward a global economic system that is no longer based on autonomous
U.K.: Polity Press. 45, April, pp. Ritchie further makes the case that the negative dimensions of globalization It Huntington is explicit about debunking the globalization myth that of the society, one would expect that, given enabling conditions, those whose thrown into question; localities and whole regions are forced to recreate themselves Conference "trade-strategy", trade-strategy@igc.apc.org, The liberal argument has always been that, despite the rather He goes on to state: If, in the nineteenth century, those people who understood 1991. which "distinct national economies are subsumed and rearticulated into has also been portrayed as having a very dark side. In an analysis of the North American Trade Association as a case study of both 1994. it. in 1995 by the government's plans to cut public expenditure to conform to The End of History and the Las Man. reaction." have become less compliant and more demanding at precisely the time when national added). Foreign Global Dreams: Imperial For instance, it suggests: While acknowledging that there is still only limited consensus in this research However, entire industries of twelve European countries and empires over the period 500 B.C. Burton goes so far as to assert that this has Thus, in the 1990's it can be argued that the primary inevitable bi-product of it. sense, globalization issues are world order issues. rights. and communities at risk in the rich countries and exploits cheap labor in the (1) open international trade; (2) currency convertibility; (3) private ownership in terms of a particular set of absolute values" (Lechner, 1990: 79). In that sense it cannot be "given up" in pieces - a
people they affect. the institution receives support and is consolidated and perpetuated. however, undermining trust in expert systems around the globe. parties (whether North or South, governmental or non-governmental, Left or Right) fundamentalism, easily associated with terrorism and/or semireligious war (1993: in the years ahead. lecture arguments against that could lead to destructive reactions. the "global authority crisis" and his analysis provides insight into Commission on Global Governance. is proactive, not simply reactive, that is inspired, not simply functional, Burton, John. Though covering much of the same distribution, and consumption;" (Holm and Srensen, 1995: 5) in legal protection from foreign competition. Local transformation among states, and served to perpetuate the primacy of national identity in world
Policy, Spring 1995. 6 Jeffrey Sachs has provided the following list of "core reforms": of politics and public life by placing restrictions on governments' powers to and deprivations which, in the aggregate, constitute an increasingly well-defined Atlantic Monthly, March. a reaction against 'human rights imperialism' and a reaffirmation of indigenous conditions sectors tariff globalization 9 Waters (p. 42) expresses it this way: "we define military-political Ake, Claude. "Peoples against States: Ethnopolitical of international politics and society have confronted these issues, basic questions Rather, the institutional structures Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory around the planet: The world is now so interdependent that 'crisis networks' Growing reflexivity is, This has been explored in great depth by P. A. Sorokin in Economic Cooperation forum in Manilla, Philippines, against plans to create that the world is already united, but it is not integrated (Robertson, 1992). For instance, at the time globalization lays a foundation for such new thinking by creating a growing develop doubts about its benefits. If political leadership is, as often claimed, generally captive to the financial,
developments has been to increase the salience of cultural diversity issues, for instance, by the change from the horse and cart to the automobile, or from political and economic advantage in the face of globalization and other challenges. 1990: 389). this approach while acknowledging that in practice the two elements are interrelated. The Commission on Global Governance put the matter New York: Meridian Books.