Similarly,formulas that combine multiple brightening ingredients are a good choice, as each of the ingredients works in a slightly different way to ultimately yield the best results. Ole Henkrisen's Glow2OH Dark Spot Toner kind of does it all and then some.

Mele's products are made with darker skin tones in mind and the brand's Even Dark Spot Control Serum takes special care to thoughtfully address discoloration in melanin-rich complexions. If you need help purchasing a product directly from Allure, go to our FAQ. But, as mentioned, it can have some drawbacks.

Active Ingredients: Glycolic acid, salicylic acid, vitamin C, licorice extract | Size: 6.7 ounces | Dosage: Once daily | Byrdie Clean: No| Cruelty-Free: Yes. Also, always use your products in tandem with a broad-spectrum sunscreen that's at least SPF 30, since sunlight is going to worsen any type of hyperpigmentation, he adds. Diminishing hyperpigmentation doesn't seem like an impossible chore when it involves Dermalogica's PowerBright Dark Spot Serum. Active Ingredients: Peptide, vitamin C, niacinamide | Size: 1 ounce| Dosage: Twice daily | Byrdie Clean: No| Cruelty-Free: Yes. lotion lightening whitening soap anik cream kung singapore stalder glutathione diana face use sgd We then used this research to assign a star rating from one to five (five being the best; one being the worst) to certain products on the list. Dermatol Surg. Each box contains six patches designed with 173 dissolving needles (which don't hurt, we promise) each that deliver tranexamic acid, niacinamide, and vitamin C straight to the source of the pigmentation. Digital beauty editor Devon Abelman shared the patches "visibly diminishes angry red splotches" brought to life by her cystic pimples. Hilber suggests following the directions for any particular product youre using, though they should usually be applied before any other products (on clean, dry skin). Ad Choices. All in all, expect to see a more even-toned, glowy-as-heck complexion soon.

some users claimed product caused breakouts, some reports that product is not effective, some reports that product does not reduce dark spots, reduces appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, study cited by company is not readily available, may reduce appearance of wrinkles and fine lines. It is vegan, gluten-free, and does not contain alcohol or silicone. It's gentle enough to wear day (with sunscreen) and night and helps prevent new dark spots from popping up as well. All rights reserved. Active Ingredients: Vitamin C, glycolic acid, lactic acid | Size: 28x 0.03-ounce vials | Dosage: Twice daily | Byrdie Clean: Yes | Cruelty-Free: No. MELE Even Dark Spot Control Facial Serum for Melanin Rich Skin, Best Face Wash: As we said, hyperpigmentation can be an especially pesky problem for deeper complexions, which is why we love that this treatment is specially formulated to meet the needs of darker skin.

Last medically reviewed on December 19, 2021, Hyperpigmentation occurs when darker patches appear on the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. "Because mandelic acid is oil-soluble, it works at both the surface of the skin and deeper down in the pores," Sejal Shah, a New York City-based board-certified dermatologist previously divulged to Allure. our process. Hydroquinone is effective, but has some drawbacks; it cant be used for long periods of time and there are some concerns about its safety. The formulation claims to help soothe the skin, restore texture, and make the skin appear more even-toned. The affected areas may simply look like freckles or age spots. Healthcare professionals review articles for medical accuracy. Hyperpigmentation occurs when the skin produces excess melanin natural pigmentation found mostly in the skin.

Its specifically formulated to not irritate (a common side effect of retinol). Differin really is a drugstore classic that constantly proves it can get the job done. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol.

Various products are suitable for people with hyperpigmentation. For the latter, you can say thanks to the witch hazel water and lemon, sugar cane, and sandalwood extracts in the bottle.

Products may come without fragrance, parabens, and sulfates. Use one in the morning and once at night for impressive results in just two weeks. The table below provides a comparison of each of the products included in this article. Sign us up. It also lists some answers to frequently asked questions. What do buyers say? However, be careful not to use too many different products at once, cautions Hilber. Learn, Everyone, regardless of skin color or tone, should use sunscreen to protect from the sun's harmful rays. "Percentage is important, but higher doesn't always mean better," she tells Allure. Yes, it'll diminish dark spots with the alpha hydroxy acids (glycolic and lactic) in the formula but it'll also brighten and soothe skin. And true to the brands sensitive skin-friendly vibes, its generally super gentle and fragrance-free.

As if that wasn't enough, theres also guava extract and seed oil (another good source of vitamin C and additional antioxidants), plus tranexamic acid in the mix, too. Dr. Dennis Gross Advanced Retinol + Ferulic Texture Serum, Without a Doubt, These Are the 16 Best Over-the-Counter Retinols, Best for Dark Skin: Many companies stock products for people with hyperpigmentation and some may also help address other skin problems, such as redness, dryness, and acne. And heres the thing: This is a potential issue for anyone and everyone, no matter your skin tone, though hyperpigmentation is a particularly common issue with African-American skin, which has more melanin, to begin with. They can use the serum in the morning and evening after cleansing the skin.

This is the undisputedly most effective skin-lightener and one that Hartman recommends.

Would you believe us if we told you each of the 12 Peace Out Microneedling Dark Spot Brightening Dots have 430 microneedles on them?

These featherlight hydrators are some of our go-tos no matter what time of year it is for intense hydration that absorbs quickly without clogging pores or T-zones. Murad Rapid Age Spot and Pigment Lightening Serum, Best for Sensitive Skin: A hyperpigmentation product is worth trying for acne marks, scars, sun spots, and more. He also lauds it for containing HEPES, a synthetically-derived acid.

Ideal for acne-prone skin, this fragrance-free treatment is in for the long haul when it comes to correcting and brightening your complexion. According to SkinMedicas website, Lytera 2.0 works on every skin type, and people may notice results within 2 weeks. Byrdie contributor Melanie Rud has over a decade of experience in the beauty industry, writing for some of the biggest magazines and websites out there.

Kiehls Clearly Corrective Dark Spot Solution, Kiehls Clearly Corrective Accelerated Clarity & Renewing Ampoules, First Aid Beauty Facial Radiance Niacinamide Dark Spot Serum, SkinMedica Lytera 2.0 Pigment Correcting Serum, The effect of Vitamin C on melanin pigmentation - A systematic review, Increased in vivo collagen synthesis and in vitro cell proliferative effect of glycolic acid, Niacinamide - mechanisms of action and its topical use in dermatology, Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety. Also nice: He says this formulation is safe to use during pregnancy, a choice product for moms-to-be who are navigating pregnancy-induced melasma. Harper's Bazaar. "This ingredient is known to help not only lighten [hyperpigmentation] but decrease recurrence, which is crucial," Miami-based board-certified dermatologist Roberta Del Campo tells Allure. BeautyStat Universal C Skin Refiner, The Best Vitamin C Serums to Get Your Glow on, Runner-Up, Best with Vitamin C: cream hyperpigmentation skin skinceuticals removal treatment

To compile this list, our team of editors and contributors spent hours researching the best products on the market in this category, evaluating their key featureslike ingredients, shade range, or designin addition to reviews from customers and other trusted sources. The Best Dark Spot Correctors for Brighter, Glowing Skin. SkinMedica Lytera 2.0 Pigment Correcting Serum, Best with Retinol: The Hero Cosmetics Lightning Wand Dark Spot Brightening Serum is packed with dark spot-minimizing tranexamic acid and brightening acetyl glucosamine in the convenience of a stick, so you can really just whip it out anywhere you go. Kern, D. (2020). The SkinMedica TNS Advanced+ Serum is undoubtedly an investment, but definitely, a worthwhile one if you're trying to address more intensive hyperpigmentation issues. "For example, you want to use a vitamin A derivative to increase cell turnover, alpha hydroxy acids to enzymatically exfoliate, and incorporate azelaic acid, kojic acid, or arbutin to reduce melanin production," Dr. Kim explains, adding that tranexamic acid is particularly beneficial for melasma.

Caused by the cells responsible for your skin's color, melanocytes, depositing excess pigment into deeper levels of the skin, these forms of discoloration can be incredibly frustrating for those who strive for an even-toned complexion especially since it can be tough to reverse. "In general, hyperpigmentation is tough to treat and a chronic condition," New York City-based board-certified dermatologist Dhaval Bhanusali, MD, tells Allure, noting that he explains to his patients that it must be taken seriously because it's so easy for it to recur. Learn more about how to choose the best, A person may experience better results from a night cream, as the skin may be more permeable when they sleep.

SkinMedica Lytera 2.0 Pigment Correcting Serum, Dr. Dennis Gross Clinical Dark Spot Correcting Serum, Murad City Skin Overnight Detox Moisturizer, Revision Skincare C+ Correcting Complex 30%, American Academy of Dermatology Association (AAD), Dr. Dennis Gross Clinical Grade IPL Dark Spot Correcting Serum, The American Academy of Dermatology Association, https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199305203282002, https://www.aad.org/public/everyday-care/skin-care-secrets/routine/fade-dark-spots, https://www.cancer.org/latest-news/how-to-spot-skin-cancer.html, https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/hyperpigmentation, https://www.acne.org/hyperpigmentation.html, Displacement and health: 'The anti-immigrant rhetoric needs to stop', Type 2 diabetes: 10-hour eating window may improve blood sugar, Gut disorders and Alzheimer's: Scientists find genetic link, LGBTQ youth: Discrimination trauma may increase suicide risk by more than 3 times, In Conversation: The amazing story of hepatitis C, from discovery to cure, What to know about hyperpigmentation acne, tranexamic acid, phenylmethyl resorcinol, marine extract blend, and phytic acid, niacinamide, hexylresorcinol, and retinyl propionate, tranexamic acid, kojic acid, niacinamide, and hepes, marrubium plant stem cells, sunflower, cucumber and barley botanical blend, and vitamin C, vitamin C, sodium carboxymethyl beta-glucan, and diglucosyl gallic acid. You can find out more and change our default settings with Cookies Settings.

The star of the formula, azelaic acid "blocks tyrosinase, an essential enzyme for melanin production, and therefore reduces melanin production," he explains, adding that it's one of the few acne-fighting ingredients that are safe to use during pregnancy. Its a bi-phase serum (so give it a good shake before using) that relies on a trio of proven brighteners: niacinamide, hexylresorcinol, and a retinoid. SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense, Best Budget: The pros and cons of this product may include: This First Aid Beauty product may suit individuals who have dry, normal, combination, or oily skin types, and those who have dark spots or uneven skin tone. The Kiehl's Clearly Corrective Dark Spot Correcting Serum will give you that glow from within as you use it.

He likes this formula, which he says is good for normal, oily, and combination skin types and contains a combination of alpha- and beta-hydroxy acids, plus licorice extract and vitamin C, to deliver exfoliating and brightening benefits. A person should also consider carrying out a patch test before including this product in their skin care routine, and they should see a doctor if they develop an irritation that does not improve.

Below are several options a person can consider. Acne scars can take a while to fade so why not have a treatment you can take with you on the go?

Implementing too many new products too quickly can lead to two problems. Although some patients choose to undergo laser treatments for their dark spots to address their hyperpigmentation with customized prescription compounds Dr. Bhanusali often blends a high dose of hydroquinone with kojic acid and vitamin C for his patients there are ways to combat discoloration without often-expensive in-office procedures and medications. The company claims it plumps the skin to help reduce fine lines and wrinkles and reverses dehydration that develops from pollutants. This powerful combination makes it tough enough to tackle dark spots and hyperpigmentation without causing irritation to more sensitive skin types. All information presented is purely research-based and correct at the time of publication. Your California Privacy Rights. Tackle hyperpigmentation at its root and sometimes, before it even appears with Murad's Environmental Shield Rapid Dark Spot Correcting Serum. Got your sunscreen checked off? First Aid Beauty recommends that a person applies three or four drops to their fingertips to then spread on the affected area. Individuals can apply this serum in the morning or at night, and after cleansing or toning their skin. Reviews note that this correcting serum is lightweight and quickly absorbed. Secondly, combining multiple active ingredients too quickly can lead to over-exfoliation and irritation, he says. Medical News Today follows a strict product selection and vetting process. products. The hard truth of the matter is that many of the best brightening ingredientslike hydroquinone, vitamin C, and retinolcan be too irritating for sensitive skin. Increased in vivo collagen synthesis and in vitro cell proliferative effect of glycolic acid. Learn more here.

The American Academy of Dermatology Association writes that skin conditions such as eczema, acne, and psoriasis can all cause hyperpigmentation, especially in darker skin tones. She covers all things skincare for Byrdie, from ingredients to acne advice. skin suntegrity tinted sunscreen moisturizing spf30 spf moisturizer spectrum pressed mineral compact Skin Pharmacol Physiol.

2006;20(7):781-787.

Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our Joining the chorus of excess melanin prevention is antioxidant-rich azelaic acid, while cica keeps your skin feeling calm as a cucumber.

There are various products that can help fade patches of dark skin, and they may also have other skin benefits.

2006;1(4):327-348. In other words, it doesnt matter whether you go with a serum or cream or maskits all about the active ingredients. This combination leaves you with a more even tone and firmness to your skin. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Below are some of the top frequently asked questions about hyperpigmentation. Satisfied users love the texture and report that, with consistent use, it works well to fade all kinds of spots. Its licorice root also has antioxidant and brightening properties. "For those with melasma, ingredients that block pigment synthesis hydroquinone,arbutin, kojic acid, tranexamic acid, soy, licorice are best," according to board-certified dermatologist Jennifer Herrmann. Melanie Rud is a Chicago-based writer with 10 years of experience covering beauty. Any medical information published on this website is not intended as a substitute for informed medical advice and you should not take any action before consulting with a healthcare professional. Also, many users who wrote product reviews said that the formulation is lightweight and helps fade their acne scars. It works both in the deeper layers of the skin, where it helps to stimulate collagen production, as well as on the surface of the skin. It may also help reduce the appearance of post-acne marks.

The technical term is hyperpigmentation and it can be caused by either sun exposure or trauma to the skin (from something like picking a pimple, for example). It is best to choose a sunscreen that offers broad-spectrum protection and offers SPF 30 or higher. Here are some of the best dark spot correctors and hyperpigmentation-fading products to pair with it. Allure may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with If a person experiences skin irritation or an allergic reaction after using their skincare products, they should stop using the product and seek advice from a health professional. As you continue your quest for clear skin, keep these best products for hyperpigmentation in your rotation.

Read our, SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense at Amazon, The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7% Toning Solution at Sephora, Murad Rapid Age Spot and Pigment Serum at Murad.com, First Aid Beauty Facial Radiance Niacinamide Dark Spot Serum at Sephora, SkinMedica Lytera 2.0 Pigment Correcting Serum at Amazon, Dr. Dennis Gross Advanced Retinol + Ferulic Texture Serum at Sephora, Revision Skincare Brightening Face Wash at Amazon, BeautyStat Universal C Skin Refiner at Amazon, Best Overall:

The effect of Vitamin C on melanin pigmentation - A systematic review.

Revision Skincare Brightening Face Wash, The Best Exfoliating Face Washes for a Radiant Complexion, Best with Vitamin C:

In the world of spot-fading ingredients, vitamin C is one of the best options, not only for its skin-brightening abilities but because it has the added benefit of acting as an antioxidant and stimulating collagen production, too. Don't be surprised if your skin sees improvement in texture, tone, radiance, and bounce.

Harper's Bazaar also picked Kiehl's Clearly Corrective Dark Spot Solution.

Again, this depends on the particular product you choose, Hilber notes, though its usually once to twice per day. Causes include age spots, melasma, and skin inflammation. Glow Recipe's Guava Vitamin C Dark Spot Serum is no run-of-the-mill vitamin C treatment. Case in point: Its a great brightening ingredient that also delivers tons of other benefits.

"Otherwise you are literally throwing your money away investing in other skin-care products," she adds. Active Ingredients: Tranexamic acid, tetrapeptide, niacinamide | Size: 2 ounces | Dosage: Twice daily | Byrdie Clean: Yes| Cruelty-Free: Yes. Individuals can also check that the product contains titanium dioxide or zinc oxide, and that the formulation does not clog pores, as this may prove problematic for those with oily skin.

Its main ingredient is 5 percent stabilized vitamin C, which brightens the delicate skin around your eyes. Ranella Hirsch, a Boston-based board-certified dermatologist and cofounder of Atolla, has previously told Allure that there's a good reason why glycolic acid appears in so many products and even in-office peels: "It does the job," she states simply. It's enough to convince you to skip the concealer. Active Ingredients: Retinol, bakuchiol, ferulic acid | Size: 1 ounce | Dosage: Twice daily | Byrdie Clean: Yes| Cruelty-Free: Yes. Heres our process. According to the company, a standard concentration is 1%. Those results, which will cost you a mere $15, are thanks to two percent concentrations of tranexamic acid, aai berry, and ascorbyl glucoside (a stable derivative of vitamin C) to promote a brighter, more even-toned complexion. Just ensure that you're consistent with using these products every day, folks and you'll see amazing (but gradual) results in as little as a month. The Ordinary Glycolic Acid 7% Toning Solution, The Best Toners Based on Your Skin Type and Concerns, Best Without Hydroquinone: Nordlund JJ, Grimes PE, Ortonne JP.

2004-2022 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK, a Red Ventures Company. This product gets the job done by incorporating a potent form of vitamin C that can help fade existing dark spots and impede the production of new ones. "Niacinamide is a powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich vitamin B3 derivative that has been scientifically shown to help with redness and discoloration in the skin," she explains. Glycolic acid exfoliates and breaks down discolored skin cellsplus, it has the added benefit of stimulating collagen production over time.

This intensive serum harnesses the power of tranexamic acid, which is a great ingredient for inhibiting pigment, in tandem with glycolic acid to clear dull/dead skin cells. Drunk Elephant's Allure Best of Beauty Award-winning Protini Powerpeptide Resurf Serum includes a harmonious mixture of 10 percent lactic acid, a gentle chemical exfoliant, and hydrating peptides. To negate any potential irritation associated with some vitamin C serums, Biossance formulated its Squalane + Vitamin C Dark Spot Serum with licorice root extract for skin-calming benefits, along with white shiitake mushroom in order to further boost the quick-absorbing serum's brightening powers. When you visit this site, it may store or retrieve information on your browser, mostly in the form of cookies. Reviewers note that this moisturizer is not greasy and leaves the skin feeling smooth. Additionally, ferulic acid doubles down on your skin's defensive barrier against the effects of photodamage. She specializes in leading-edge facial rejuvenation techniques. retailers. Users should apply the product before bed after cleansing and toning. This formulation also includes a stable form of vitamin C, THD ascorbate, that the company states brightens the skin. 2020;24(2):374-382. doi:10.4103/jomfp.JOMFP_207_20.

Wohlrab J, Kreft D. Niacinamide - mechanisms of action and its topical use in dermatology. The Inkey List is proving that overnight treatments do not have to feel heavy on the skin especially when it comes to the gel-based Tranexamic Acid Hyperpigmentation Treatment. "[CeraVe Resurfacing Retinol Serum] is a great over-the-counter brightening serum," says Marchbein, who adds that the ingredients fight more than just hyperpigmentation.

Its vitamin C complex is made up of five dual-encapsulated derivatives of the brightening ingredient, which is further boosted by guava seed oil and fruit extract (which the brand says contains four times more vitamin C than oranges), tranexamic acid, ferulic acid, and vitamin E. "Compounding vitamin C with another antioxidant [like vitamin E] helps preserve the stability and boost the effectiveness of the serum," Michelle Henry, a board-certified dermatologist based in New York City, previously explained.

Theres no shortage of reasons why retinol is a fan-favorite ingredient among dermatologists. The pros and cons a person can consider may include: This SkinCeuticals product claims to help brighten the skin by correcting difficult to treat dark spots. Please note that the writer of this article has not tried these products.

Individuals can apply one pump in the morning and evening to their face, neck, chest, or other areas.

Good. It is usually harmless and can affect all skin tones. They should also use it before applying moisturizer. Use this toner nightly, post-cleansing, to reveal clearer, more even skin. Hilber says its important to avoid ingredients that may be irritating your skin in particular. However, using the right treatment can help speed up the healing process. All products featured on Allure are independently selected by our editors. She also pointed out that azelaic acid loosens dead, pore-clogging skin cells and reduces instances of inflammation caused by acne. User Agreement and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement and The AAD explains that dark spots can take 6-12 months to fade, and if the darker pigment is deep into the skin, healing may take years. Each dot has a blend of niacinamide and tranexamic acid that will brighten up spots as you wear them through the night.

There are five different types of vitamin C to be found in this newbie. This formula, one of the best-selling brightening products out there, recently got a revamp to eliminate HQ (as its often called). Either way, the biological process that kicks in is somewhat complicated, but, ultimately, it boils down to an overproduction of melanin (color) in the skin. A person should speak to a doctor if they experience hyperpigmentation, as some types of cancer can cause the skin, moles, or freckles, to change shape or color. Active Ingredients: Niacinamide | Size: 1 ounce | Dosage: Twice daily | Byrdie Clean: Yes | Cruelty-Free: Yes.

The companys website states that individuals should use this product on cleansed skin in the morning and evening. The company claims that this formulation is free from parabens, alcohol, mineral oils, and phthalates. The lactic acid helps remove dead hyperpigmented cells located on the skins surface. Formulated with four percent niacinamide and one percent vitamin C, the It Cosmetics Bye Bye Dark Spots 4% Niacinamide Serum Visibly reduces dark spots and discoloration, while brightening skin and improving clarity.

All you need is a small dollop of this lightweight mask, and you'll watch all of your dark spots disappear in about a month's time. 2014;27(6):311-315. doi:10.1159/000359974. Glow Recipe Guava Vitamin C Dark Spot Treatment Serum, Best Intensive: Topicals Faded Brightening & Clearing Serum just so happens to have several of those ingredients (tranexamic and kojic acids, as well as licorice root) and then some. The company states that individuals can apply this serum in the morning or evening when their skin is dry. In addition to kojic acid and niacinamide, the dermatologist-celebrated SkinCeuticals Discoloration Defense Multi-Phase Serum contains tranexamic acid. Active Ingredients: Glycolic acid | Size: 8 ounces | Dosage: Once daily, PM | Byrdie Clean: Yes | Cruelty-Free: Yes. They should also avoid picking at acne lesions, as this can worsen pigmentation. "Azelaic acid has been shown to be bactericidal against p. Acnes, the bacteria on the skin that is one of the causes of acne," Ava Shamban, a Beverly Hills-based board-certified dermatologist, previously explained to Allure. Pricey, yes, but this product is effective at knocking out even the most stubborn dark spots and discoloration. Are there any ingredients to avoid in products for hyperpigmentation? The company cites a study by Unilever that posits blue light can negatively impact the skin, and Murad claims this overnight moisturizer can help to combat these effects. You can score the Allure Beauty Box here for access to even more editor favorites for just $23. As an added bonus, this luxurious serum is formulated with light-diffusing technology to balance the appearance of uneven pigmentation. Bonus points for the inclusion of light-reflecting pearls, which instantly make skin look brighter. Shes a devoted sunscreen user, but still deals with some dark marks occasionally, and reaches for many of these products when they crop up. Firstly, if your skin responds poorly, it's difficult to know which product or ingredient was the culprit. Outside of prescriptions and in-office laser procedures, your first line of defense against hyperpigmentation should be one of these dermatologist-approved serums and targeted treatments.

First Aid Beauty Facial Radiance Niacinamide Dark Spot Serum, Best Splurge: Here, it helps stimulate skin cell turnover, which results in both fewer clogged pores and brighter, smoother skin. Often made with the same active ingredients that dermatologists use in prescription compounds, these serums and creams contribute to more even-toned skin and reduced hyperpigmentation with consistent use. If you buy through links on this page, we may earn a small commission. Active Ingredients: Niacinamide, retinoid | Size: 1 ounce | Dosage: Once daily | Byrdie Clean: No| Cruelty-Free: No. But there is something else dermatologists recommend across the board to get dark spots under control: sunscreen. A person can consider the pros and cons of this First Aid Beauty product: The ingredients in this serum may help reduce dark spots and even skin tone. We include products we think are useful for our readers. Another bonus? Good alternatives include vitamin C, retinol, kojic acid, and niacinamide. Point being: Avoid any ingredients that don't mesh with your skin. This cruelty-free product claims to help reduce the appearance of age spots and improve skin tone. Mukherjee S, Date A, Patravale V, Korting HC, Roeder A, Weindl G. Retinoids in the treatment of skin aging: an overview of clinical efficacy and safety.