Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. Herbicide Bioassays. 2008;25:61-70.; Gugaa et al., 2010Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. Study effects of planting methods and tank mixed herbiciedes on weeds controlling and wheat yield. Conclui-se que o isoproturon a 175 g i.a. ). Effect of herbicides and wheat population on control of weeds in wheat. Eur J Agron. (EN). ha-1) gave similar 1000-grain weight to that of full dose of isoproturon (175 g a.i. However, lowest transpiration rate (5.07 mol m-2 s-1) was observed with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Whereas, in case of P. minor minimum number of weeds (1.5) were recorded with isoproturon at 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. In comparison among days of herbicide application, lowest photosynthesis rate of all four weeds was observed after 17 days of herbicide application. Herbicide Bioassays. Isoproturon dose at 175 g a.i.
Chhokar R, Singh S, Sharma R. Herbicides for control of isoproturon-resistant Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor) in wheat. Woodland: 2001.; Brecke and Stephenson, 2006Brecke BJ, Stephenson DO. Surfactants affect herbicides on kochia (Kochia scoparia) and russian thistle (Salsolai berica). New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002. 2006;20(2):377-83.). 
2012;11(4):791-9.
In view of our findings, physiological parameters such as net photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance of all four weeds were significantly reduced to a greater extent by all herbicidal spray measured after 3, 10 and 17 days of application in comparison with weedy check. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, T8 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Kieloch R, Domaradzki K. The abiotic factors affecting the effectiveness of herbicides. 2003;51:430-4. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. Adjuvants improve the biological activity and reduce surface tension which may help to reduce herbicide dose (Green and Cahill, 2003Green JM, Cahill WR. Growth parameters such as plant height and biological yield were increased with herbicide application because of low competition between weeds and wheat plants for nutrients, light, space and water that enhance nutrient use efficiency of wheat plants. 4th ed. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. However, among all herbicidal applications, isoproturon with adjuvants decreased the net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance in all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 17 days of herbicide application compared to others treatments. Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan. Legume Res. Um estudo de campo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de ps-emergncia do herbicida isoproturon sozinho ou com combinao de adjuvantes no trigo de inverno e suas plantas daninhas relevantes. Pak J Weed Sci Res. 2000;14:807-13.).
Performance of different herbicides in wheat under irrigated conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Eur J Agron. Text Results showed that maximum number of weeds (54.4) was measured for M. indica followed by A. arvensis (30.5), P. minor (7.5) and F. indica (12.5) in weedy check treatment while, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. In all intervals of herbicidal applications, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. 2009;15:199-208.
With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. J Agric Sci. The plot size was 1.5 m 3.5 m having row to row spacing 25 cm. Pak J Agric Sci. When herbicides are applied as a tank mixture or combined with an adjuvant, they might be more efficacious and cost-effective in controlling weeds if the appropriate combinations are used (Monaco et al., 2002). Gugaa M, Zarzecka K, Zadrozniak B. Results regarding number of weeds of all four species (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor and F. indica) after 21 days of application of isoproturon with and without adjuvants are presented in Table 4.
Pak J Weed Sci Res. ha-1 and 105 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. In: Strigib JC, Kudsk P, editors. Data showed that post-emergence spray of isoproturon with and without adjuvants reduced the transpiration rate of all four weeds (M. indica, A. arvensis, P. minor, and F. indica) after 3, 10 and 17 days of application. No entanto, observaram-se valores mais altos de parmetros de troca de gs do trigo quando nenhum herbicida foi pulverizado. 2009;15:199-208.) Cheema MS, Akhtar M, Iqbal MS. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 (Table 4). 2011;48:185-90.).
Green JM. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Weed science: Principles and practices. However, highest values of gas exchange parameters of wheat were observed where no herbicide was sprayed. ha-1, isoproturon a 140 g i.a. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2002.). ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1. 2011;48:185-90. ha-1 and isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Some adjuvants completely alter the chemical composition of herbicide or even cover the plant surface by keeping the herbicide in-contact with plant tissue hence increase herbicide penetration and binding ability to kill the target plant without damaging actual crop (Kudsk and Streibig, 1993Kudsk P, Streibig JC. ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Shukla N, Awasthi RP, Rawat L, Kumar J. 1998;53:123-132. Prog Plant Prot. Transpiration rate was found maximal in weedy check when measured 3, 10 and 17 days after herbicide spray (Figure 3). Biu Inst Hod Aklimat Ros. Combination of Bio-enhancer and isoproturon is more effective as compared to Ad-500, as Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 with reduced dose of isoproturon (140 g a.i. Among these methods, chemical weed control is the most improved method (Bibi et al., 2008Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. Seed bed was prepared by cultivating the soil thrice with tractor mounted cultivator, each followed by planking. Different post-emergence herbicides has been used to control weeds but it is documented that application of post-emergence herbicide with adjuvants was found to be more effective in controlling the weeds (Naseer-ud-Din et al., 2011). Rueda Ayala V, Rasmussen J, Gerhards R, Fournaise NE. sativum) independently of photosynthesis. Comparatively, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Afr J Biotechnol. Our results are also in agreement to Woznica and Idziak (2010Woznica Z, Idziak R. Influence of herbicide application timings, rates and adjuvant type on weed control and yield of maize grown for forage. ha-1 with each adjuvant at 400 mL ha-1. Severe weed infestation is one of the major constraints hampering potential yield of wheat and causing 20-40% reduction in its yield (Ahmad and Shaikh, 2003Ahmad R, Shaikh AS. Weed Technol. However, similar biological yield was recorded with isoproturon at 140 g a.i. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicide application. Highest transpiration rate was observed in weedy check after that maximum transpiration rate (5.40 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with lowest dose of isoproturon at 105 g a.i. The treatments were isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Other parameters including weeds plant height (cm), fresh weight (g) and dry weight (g) were recorded at maturity by using standared procedure. Pak J Weed Sci Res. Performance of different herbicides in wheat under irrigated conditions of southern Punjab, Pakistan. Pestic Sci. Ann App Bio.
Fragmenta Agron. Usman K, Khan M. Economic evaluation of weed management through tillage, herbicides and hand weeding in irrigated wheat. Water stress drastically reduces root growth and inulin yield in. Pak J Weed Sci Res. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 , T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. ha-1 + Bio-enhance at 400 mL ha-1 after 17 days of herbicidal spray. After weedy check, lower doses of isoproturon with both adjuvants (Bio-enhancer + Ad-500) at 400 mL ha-1 produced highest gaseous exchange parameters after 17 days of herbicide spray that might be due to the fact that all herbicide treatments not only affected weeds but also the wheat plants at earlier stage of spray however, lower doses of isoproturon imparted less impact on wheat. Afr J Biotechnol. J Exp Bot.
This might be due to addition of adjuvants that increased efficacy of herbicides either at full or reduced dose as well as reduced competition of wheat plants with weeds for utilization of available resources at their maximum level. ha-1 as post emergence application was most effective in controlling F. indica, M. indica and R. dentatus with maximum mortality at 30 and 60 days after spray without being phytotoxic to wheat. 4th ed.
Common weeds of wheat and their control. Resistance in this species to photosystem Il-inhibiting herbicide isoproturon was first recorded in 1992, and has since spread to several Indian states covering more than a million ha.
1998;53:123-132.). Entre vrias prticas de manejo de plantas daninhas, o controle qumico delas considerado o mtodo mais efetivo. The more decrease in above traits with inclusion of adjuvants among all other treatments might be due to enhancement in efficiency of isoproturon with addition of adjuvants. ha-1 with both adjuvants (Ad-500 and Bio-enhancer) each at 400 mL ha-1 was more effective in reducing photosynthetic parameters of weeds than all other herbicide treatments and caused maximum reduction in photosynthetic parameters of weeds. According to Shehzad et al. Each dose of isoproturon was prepared separately. T1 = Weedy check, T2 = Isoproturon at 175 g a.i. Experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. Monaco TJ, Weller SJ, Ashton FM. Gas exchange parameters were recorded using portable infrared gas analyzer (CI-340 Portable Photosynthesis System, CID Biosciences, USA) with some adjustments: mass flow rate 0.33 mol m-2 s-1, atmospheric pressure 99.5 kPa, photosynthetically active radiation at leaf surface maximum up to 1393 mol m-2 s-1, water vapor pressure at outlet of leaf chamber ranged from 1.7-2.4 kPa and ambient air temperature in leaf chamber ranged from 23-34 oC. Data regarding net photosynthetic rate of wheat after 3, 10 and 17 days of post-emergence herbicide application of isoproturon alone and with adjuvants is shown in Figure 1. However, growth and yield related parameters of wheat like number of productive tillers (m-2), number of none-productive tillers (m-2), plant height (cm), number of grains/spike, 1000-grains weight (g), spike length (cm), biological yield (kg ha-1), grain yield (kg ha-1) were recorded at maturity following standard procedure. However, after 3 days of herbicidal application, minimum transpiration rate (2.32 mol m-2 s-1) was recorded with isoproturon at 175 g a.i. To increase the growth and yield of wheat, it is important to apply herbicides at optimum rate and right time while maintaining weed control at an acceptable level and also protecting crop from herbicide injury. 2010;255:47-57.; Kammler et al., 2010Kammler KJ, Walters SA, Young BG. ha-1 + Ad-500 at 400 mL ha-1, isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2005;45:17-24.; Bernards et al., 2009Bernards ML, Penner D, Michael J, Zollinger R, Rhode A, Dean SW. Imazapyr absorption and translocation in northern red oak and red maple as affected by herbicide formulation and the adjuvant methylated seed oil. The sprayer was adjusted to deliver 250 L ha-1 solution at 3.2 km h-1. ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1. After 3, 10 and 17 days of herbicide applications, transpiration rate of wheat enhanced progressively with passage of time (Figure 1). Bibi S, Marwat KB, Hassan G, Khan NM. The influence of post emergence weed harrowing on selectivity, crop recovery and crop yield in different growth stages of winter wheat. who revealed that F. indica, M. indica and Rumex dentatus density significantly decreased by different herbicides compared with control. 2011;48:185-90.) Isoproturon at 105 g a.i.
Cambridge University Press is committed by its charter to disseminate knowledge as widely as possible across the globe. Efficacy of various pre and post-emergence herbicides to control weeds in wheat. Wheat variety PUNJAB-2011 was sown at the seed rate of 100 kg ha-1, planted using a single-row hand-pulled seed drill. ha-1, aplicado sozinho ou com adjuvantes Ad-500 ou biopotenciador a 400 mL ha-1 cada, e a verificao de plantas daninhas como tratamento controle. Whereas, isoproturon at 175 g a.i. The higher number of grains per spike might be due to least competition of weeds and maximum production of photosynthates by wheat plant that shifted into the reproductive organs. ha-1 applied alone or with adjuvants Ad-500 or Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1 each and weedy check as a control treatment. No caso do trigo, os maiores perfilhos produtivos, altura da planta, peso de mil gros e rendimento biolgico e de gros foram obtidos com isoproturon a 175 g i.a. 2003;1:71-73.
Weed science: Principles and practices. ), efficacy of herbicides such as bromoxynil, glyphosate and 2, 4-D with adjuvants (Allinol 810-60, MON 0818 and Oxysorbic 20) against kochia (Bassia scoparia) and Russian thistle (Salsola tragus) provided better control of weeds as compared to herbicide alone. (Portuguese), Text
The isoproturon-resistance mechanism is metabolic degradation, mediated by P-450 monooxygenase enzymes. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1993.
ha-1 + Bio-enhancer at 400 mL ha-1, T9 = Isoproturon at 140 g a.i. 2006;12:53-59.) Read your article online and download the PDF from your email or your account. Maximum fresh and dry weight of four weeds was observed in weedy check.
2006;51(2):139-41. An effect of adjuvants on potato yielding and limiting weed infestation in potato stands. At harvesting, maximum number of weeds were recorded for all four weeds in weedy check. 