A similar hacker culture in the USA revolved around the HP-41, which was also noted for a large number of undocumented features and was much more powerful than B3-34. However, the only branch instruction was an implied unconditional branch (GOTO) at the end of the operation stack, returning the program to its starting instruction.
P500), Rapid Data Rapidman 1208LC. The first programmable pocket calculator was the HP-65, in 1974; it had a capacity of 100 instructions, and could store and retrieve programs with a built-in magnetic card reader. ), The same argument applies when hardware of this type uses an embedded microcontroller or other small processor. The HP-35, the world's first scientific pocket calculator by Hewlett Packard (1972). Most personal data assistants (PDAs) and smartphones also have such a feature. The early calculators used hundreds of germanium transistors, which were cheaper than silicon transistors, on multiple circuit boards. Clock rate of a processor chip refers to the frequency at which the central processing unit (CPU) is running. The Mk VII was a slightly earlier design with a more complicated mode of multiplication, and was soon dropped in favour of the simpler Mark VIII. Many calculators continued to use two or more ICs, especially the scientific and the programmable ones, into the late 1970s. In 1973, Texas Instruments (TI) introduced the SR-10, (SR signifying slide rule) an algebraic entry pocket calculator using scientific notation for $150. Meanwhile, Hewlett-Packard (HP) had been developing a pocket calculator. 2000) pocket calculator. There is a debate about whether Pascal or Shickard should be credited as the known inventor of a calculating machine due to the differences (like the different aims) of both inventions. [11] There were also five unsuccessful attempts to design a calculating clock in the 17th century. The first known tools used to aid arithmetic calculations were: bones (used to tally items), pebbles, and counting boards, and the abacus, known to have been used by Sumerians and Egyptians before 2000BC. In 1921, Edith Clarke invented the "Clarke calculator", a simple graph-based calculator for solving line equations involving hyperbolic functions. During this era, the absence of the conditional branch was sometimes used to distinguish a programmable calculator from a computer. 19 other countries, including the United Kingdom, had already granted a similar patent to Texas Instruments. Calculators also have the ability to store numbers into computer memory. The ANITA had a full keyboard, similar to mechanical comptometers of the time, a feature that was unique to it and the later Sharp CS-10A among electronic calculators. The instructions for in-built functions (. The first calculator capable of symbolic computing was the HP-28C, released in 1987. The LCDs were an early form using the Dynamic Scattering Mode DSM with the numbers appearing as bright against a dark background. There followed a series of electronic calculator models from these and other manufacturers, including Canon, Mathatronics, Olivetti, SCM (Smith-Corona-Marchant), Sony, Toshiba, and Wang. Their first calculator, the Loan Arranger[43] (1978) was a pocket calculator marketed to the Real Estate industry with preprogrammed functions to simplify the process of calculating payments and future values. The solar cell assembly is under the chip. Calculators usually have liquid-crystal displays (LCD) as output in place of historical light-emitting diode (LED) displays and vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD); details are provided in the section Technical improvements. Some models have the ability to extend memory capacity to store more numbers; the extended memory address is termed an array index. With this low power consumption came the possibility of using solar cells as the power source, realised around 1978 by calculators such as the Royal Solar 1, Sharp EL-8026, and Teal Photon. The first truly pocket-sized electronic calculator was the Busicom LE-120A "HANDY", which was marketed early in 1971. [3][4], Where calculators have added functions (such as square root, or trigonometric functions), software algorithms are required to produce high precision results. These models appear to have been sold only for a year or two. A TI spokesman said that it would actively seek what was due, either in cash or technology cross-licensing agreements. It retailed for around 79 (US$194 at the time). The firms that survived making calculators tended to be those with high outputs of higher quality calculators, or producing high-specification scientific and programmable calculators. Computer operating systems as far back as early Unix have included interactive calculator programs such as dc and hoc, and calculator functions are included in almost all personal digital assistant (PDA) type devices, the exceptions being a few dedicated address book and dictionary devices. One of the first low-cost calculators was the Sinclair Cambridge, launched in August 1973. A calculation like "8 plus 5" is, using RPN, performed by pressing 8, Enter, 5, and +; instead of the algebraic infix notation: 8, +, 5, =. A large, printing, desk-top unit, with an attached floor-standing logic tower, it could be programmed to perform many computer-like functions. One called the Touch Magic was "no bigger than a pack of cigarettes" according to Administrative Management.[40]. A printing calculator, in addition to a display panel, has a printing unit that prints results in ink onto a roll of paper, using a printing mechanism. To present a high-contrast display these models illuminated the LCD using a filament lamp and solid plastic light guide, which negated the low power consumption of the display. Two models were displayed, the Mk VII for continental Europe and the Mk VIII for Britain and the rest of the world, both for delivery from early 1962. It was introduced in 1981 and is still being made with few changes. The Elektronika MK-52 calculator (using the extended B3-34 command set, and featuring internal EEPROM memory for storing programs and external interface for EEPROM cards and other periphery) was used in Soviet spacecraft program (for Soyuz TM-7 flight) as a backup of the board computer. [9] Pascal's calculator could add and subtract two numbers directly and thus, if the tedium could be borne, multiply and divide by repetition. Bit serial logic designs are more common in calculators whereas bit parallel designs dominate general-purpose computers, because a bit serial design minimizes chip complexity, but takes many more clock cycles. There was some[by whom?] "'Anita' der erste tragbare elektonische Rechenautomat" [trans: "the first portable electronic computer"]. In 1964 more all-transistor electronic calculators were introduced: Sharp introduced the CS-10A, which weighed 25 kilograms (55lb) and cost 500,000 yen ($4586.75), and Industria Macchine Elettroniche of Italy introduced the IME 84, to which several extra keyboard and display units could be connected so that several people could make use of it (but apparently not at the same time). However, integrated circuit development efforts culminated in early 1971 with the introduction of the first "calculator on a chip", the MK6010 by Mostek,[35] followed by Texas Instruments later in the year. Later that same year were released the ELKA 22 (with a luminescent display)[20][22][23] and the ELKA 25, with an in-built printer. Adler 81S pocket calculator with vacuum fluorescent display (VFD) from the mid-1970s. Sometimes significant design effort is needed to fit all the desired functions in the limited memory space available in the calculator chip, with acceptable calculation time.[5]. The LED and VFD displays often required added driver transistors or ICs, whereas the LCDs were more amenable to being driven directly by the calculator IC itself. The 1972 Sinclair Executive pocket calculator. It weighed 1.59 pounds (721 grams), had a vacuum fluorescent display, rechargeable NiCad batteries, and initially sold for US$395. Thus, it was not possible to include any conditional branch (IF-THEN-ELSE) logic. At the start of the 1970s, hand-held electronic calculators were very costly, at two or three weeks' wages, and so were a luxury item. [49] In the United States, many math educators and boards of education have enthusiastically endorsed the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) standards and actively promoted the use of classroom calculators from kindergarten through high school. The fundamental difference between a calculator and computer is that a computer can be programmed in a way that allows the program to take different branches according to intermediate results, while calculators are pre-designed with specific functions (such as addition, multiplication, and logarithms) built in. They included the Mathatronics Mathatron (1964) and the Olivetti Programma 101 (late 1965) which were solid-state, desktop, printing, floating point, algebraic entry, programmable, stored-program electronic calculators. The Casio Computer Company, in Japan, released the Model 14-A calculator in 1957, which was the world's first all-electric (relatively) compact calculator. They employed the young graduate Norbert Kitz, who had worked on the early British Pilot ACE computer project, to lead the development. Despite very limited abilities (98 bytes of instruction memory and about 19 stack and addressable registers), people managed to write all kinds of programs for them, including adventure games and libraries of calculus-related functions for engineers. However, there were problems with this display and the calculator never went on sale. U.S. semiconductor manufacturers led the world in large scale integration (LSI) semiconductor development, squeezing more and more functions into individual integrated circuits. The store where numbers can be stored by the user. [27], Another early programmable desktop calculator (and maybe the first Japanese one) was the Casio (AL-1000) produced in 1967. The first Soviet Union made pocket-sized calculator, the Elektronika B3-04[41] was developed by the end of 1973 and sold at the start of 1974. [49] As a result, the use of calculators is to be included as part of a review of the Curriculum. [37] Made in Japan, this was also the first calculator to use an LED display, the first hand-held calculator to use a single integrated circuit (then proclaimed as a "calculator on a chip"), the Mostek MK6010, and the first electronic calculator to run off replaceable batteries. initial resistance to the idea out of fear that basic or elementary arithmetic skills would suffer. They are number stores where numbers are stored temporarily while doing calculations. The high price was due to their construction requiring many mechanical and electronic components which were costly to produce, and production runs that were too small to exploit economies of scale. The name derives from ELektronen KAlkulator, and it weighed around 8kg (18lb). Although machines capable of performing all four arithmetic functions existed prior to the 19th century, the refinement of manufacturing and fabrication processes during the eve of the industrial revolution made large scale production of more compact and modern units possible. The red LED and blue/green vacuum fluorescent displays consumed a lot of power and the calculators either had a short battery life (often measured in hours, so rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries were common) or were large so that they could take larger, higher capacity batteries. The error messages on those calculators appear as a Russian word "YEGGOG" ("") which, unsurprisingly, is translated to "Error". For the song, see, "Pascal and Leibnitz, in the seventeenth century, and Diderot at a later period, endeavored to construct a machine which might serve as a substitute for human intelligence in the combination of figures", In 1893, the German calculating machine inventor Arthur Burkhardt was asked to put Leibniz machine in operating condition if possible. For instance, instead of a hardware multiplier, a calculator might implement floating point mathematics with code in read-only memory (ROM), and compute trigonometric functions with the CORDIC algorithm because CORDIC does not require much multiplication. In the early 1970s liquid-crystal displays (LCDs) were in their infancy and there was a great deal of concern that they only had a short operating lifetime. Electronic calculators contain a keyboard with buttons for digits and arithmetical operations; some even contain "00" and "000" buttons to make larger or smaller numbers easier to enter. The function for the calculation is stored here until the calculator needs it. It was followed the next year by the SR-50 which added log and trig functions to compete with the HP-35, and in 1977 the mass-marketed TI-30 line which is still produced. These included the Sanyo ICC-0081 "Mini Calculator", the Canon Pocketronic, and the Sharp QT-8B "micro Compet". In October 1961, the world's first all-electronic desktop calculator, the British Bell Punch/Sumlock Comptometer ANITA (A New Inspiration To Arithmetic/Accounting) was announced. Schickard's machine, constructed several decades earlier, used a clever set of mechanised multiplication tables to ease the process of multiplication and division with the adding machine as a means of completing this operation. The Programma 101 saw much wider distribution and had the added feature of offline storage of programs via magnetic cards.
Other functions are usually performed using repeated additions or subtractions. The COS technology may have been too costly since it was only used in a few models before Sharp reverted to conventional circuit boards. The Sinclair calculators were successful because they were far cheaper than the competition; however, their design led to slow and inaccurate computations of transcendental functions.[42]. Several other models were developed until the first pocket model, the ELKA 101, was released in 1974. Calculated Industries competed with the HP 12c in the mortgage and real estate markets by differentiating the key labeling; changing the "I", "PV", "FV" to easier labeling terms such as "Int", "Term", "Pmt", and not using the reverse Polish notation. Through the 1970s the hand-held electronic calculator underwent rapid development. Fractions such as .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}13 are displayed as decimal approximations, for example rounded to 0.33333333. Sharp put in great efforts in size and power reduction and introduced in January 1971 the Sharp EL-8, also marketed as the Facit 1111, which was close to being a pocket calculator. The Curta calculator was developed in 1948 and, although costly, became popular for its portability. However, the cost of calculators fell as components and their production methods improved, and the effect of economies of scale was felt. The variables can also be used for constructing formulas. By the early 1970s electronic pocket calculators ended manufacture of mechanical calculators, although the Curta remains a popular collectable item. [13] It was not until the 19th century and the Industrial Revolution that real developments began to occur. The results of this were that the pocket calculator was affordable, and that it was now difficult for the manufacturers to make a profit from calculators, leading to many firms dropping out of the business or closing. The ANITA sold well since it was the only electronic desktop calculator available, and was silent and quick. The numbers in the X and Y registers are then loaded into the, The answer, 34 is sent (shifted) back to the X register. The Casio CM-602 Mini electronic calculator provided basic functions in the 1970s. Some calculators even have the ability to do computer algebra. The processor is a "Chip on Board" type, covered with dark epoxy. In 1985, CI launched a calculator for the construction industry called the Construction Master[44] which came preprogrammed with common construction calculations (such as angles, stairs, roofing math, pitch, rise, run, and feet-inch fraction conversions). (For example, CDs keep the track number in BCD, limiting them to 99 tracks. The Monroe Epic programmable calculator came on the market in 1967. The electronic calculators of the mid-1960s were large and heavy desktop machines due to their use of hundreds of transistors on several circuit boards with a large power consumption that required an AC power supply. However, CI's more successful calculators involved a line of construction calculators, which evolved and expanded in the 1990s to present. It had 35 buttons and was based on Mostek Mk6020 chip. Following protracted development over the course of two years including a botched partnership with Texas Instruments, Eldorado Electrodata released five pocket calculators in 1972. It retailed for 29.95 ($38.23), or 5 ($6.38) less in kit form. This allowed electrical engineers to simplify calculations for inductance and capacitance in power transmission lines.[16]. Therefore, in cases where the calculations are relatively simple, working throughout with BCD can lead to a simpler overall system than converting to and from binary. The Canon Pocketronic was a development from the "Cal-Tech" project. The first Soviet pocket battery-powered programmable calculator, Elektronika B3-21, was developed by the end of 1976 and released at the start of 1977. Already there was a desire for smaller and less power-hungry machines. Most basic calculators assign only one digit or operation on each button; however, in more specific calculators, a button can perform multi-function working with key combinations. Luigi Torchi invented the first direct multiplication machine in 1834: this was also the second key-driven machine in the world, following that of James White (1822). , This page was last edited on 27 July 2022, at 12:51. One such example is Windows Calculator. The first Soviet scientific pocket-sized calculator the "B3-18" was completed by the end of 1975. The first American-made pocket-sized calculator, the Bowmar 901B (popularly termed The Bowmar Brain), measuring 5.2 by 3.0 by 1.5 inches (132mm 76mm 38mm), came out in the Autumn of 1971, with four functions and an eight-digit red LED display, for US$240, while in August 1972 the four-function Sinclair Executive became the first slimline pocket calculator measuring 5.4 by 2.2 by 0.35 inches (137.2mm 55.9mm 8.9mm) and weighing 2.5 ounces (71g). Many firms saw that there were good profits to be made in the calculator business with the margin on such high prices. [48] In December 2011 the UK's Minister of State for Schools, Nick Gibb, voiced concern that children can become "too dependent" on the use of calculators. BCD is common in electronic systems where a numeric value is to be displayed, especially in systems consisting solely of digital logic, and not containing a microprocessor. The first European-made pocket-sized calculator, DB 800[38][39] was made in May 1971 by Digitron in Buje, Croatia (former Yugoslavia) with four functions and an eight-digit display and special characters for a negative number and a warning that the calculation has too many digits to display. By 1970, a calculator could be made using just a few chips of low power consumption, allowing portable models powered from rechargeable batteries. By 2007, this had diminished to less than 0.05%.[1]. Using four AA-size cells the LE-120A measures 4.9 by 2.8 by 0.9 inches (124mm 71mm 23mm). In 1978, a new company, Calculated Industries arose which focused on specialized markets. They became popular in the mid-1970s as the incorporation of integrated circuits reduced their size and cost. The HP 12c featured the reverse Polish notation mode of data entry. The HP 12c financial calculator is still produced. Research suggests that inadequate guidance in the use of calculating tools can restrict the kind of mathematical thinking that students engage in. The interior of a newer (ca.
Busicom introduced the Busicom LE-120A "HANDY" calculator, the first pocket-sized calculator and the first with an LED display, and announced the Busicom LC with LCD. Modern electronic calculators vary from cheap, give-away, credit-card-sized models to sturdy desktop models with built-in printers. Power sources of calculators are batteries, solar cells or mains electricity (for old models), turning on with a switch or button. In 1979, HP released the first alphanumeric, programmable, expandable calculator, the HP-41C. It could, for example, solve quadratic equations symbolically. The first mainframe computers, using firstly vacuum tubes and later transistors in the logic circuits, appeared in the 1940s and 1950s. For these applications, some small processors feature BCD arithmetic modes, which assist when writing routines that manipulate BCD quantities. [citation needed]. Although these early hand-held calculators were very costly, these advances in electronics, together with developments in display technology (such as the vacuum fluorescent display, LED, and LCD), led within a few years to the cheap pocket calculator available to all. The $395 HP-35, along with nearly all later HP engineering calculators, uses reverse Polish notation (RPN), also called postfix notation. The distinction is not clear-cut: some devices classed as programmable calculators have programming functions, sometimes with support for programming languages (such as RPL or TI-BASIC). Two years later the HP-25C introduced continuous memory, i.e., programs and data were retained in CMOS memory during power-off. In 1986, calculators still represented an estimated 41% of the world's general-purpose hardware capacity to compute information. It had no traditional display; numerical output was on thermal paper tape. All numbers go into the X register first; the number in the X register is shown on the display. The first Soviet programmable desktop calculator ISKRA 123, powered by the power grid, was released at the start of the 1970s. This would be the first in a line of construction related calculators. The power consumption of the integrated circuits was also reduced, especially with the introduction of CMOS technology. Made by Casio Computer Co Ltd in Tokyo, Japan, 1967 / Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences", Texas Instruments Celebrates the 35th Anniversary of Its Invention of the Calculator, Electronic Calculator Invented 40 Years Ago, "50 Jahre Taschenrechner Die Erfindung, die niemand haben wollte", "The first calculators How they got into your pocket", American Heritage of Invention & Technology, "The First Handheld Digital Calculator Celebrates 50 Years", "U Bujama je izraen prvi europski depni kalkulator. It is used as an indicator of the processor's speed, and is measured in clock cycles per second or hertz (Hz). [19] Bell Punch had been producing key-driven mechanical calculators of the comptometer type under the names "Plus" and "Sumlock", and had realised in the mid-1950s that the future of calculators lay in electronics. Inside a Casio scientific calculator from the mid-1990s, showing the processor chip (small square; top-middle; left), keypad contacts, right (with matching contacts on the left), the back of the LCD (top; marked 4L102E), battery compartment, and other components. Some models even have no turn-off button but they provide some way to put off (for example, leaving no operation for a moment, covering solar cell exposure, or closing their lid). According to Mark Bollman,[46] a mathematics and calculator historian and associate professor of mathematics at Albion College, the "Construction Master is the first in a long and profitable line of CI construction calculators" which carried them through the 1980s, 1990s, and to the present. [citation needed] There remains disagreement about the importance of the ability to perform calculations in the head, with some curricula restricting calculator use until a certain level of proficiency has been obtained, while others concentrate more on teaching estimation methods and problem-solving. Pocket-sized devices became available in the 1970s, especially after the Intel 4004, the first microprocessor, was developed by Intel for the Japanese calculator company Busicom. In 1642, the Renaissance saw the invention of the mechanical calculator (by Wilhelm Schickard[7] and several decades later Blaise Pascal[8]), a device that was at times somewhat over-promoted as being able to perform all four arithmetic operations with minimal human intervention. The first graphing calculator was the Casio fx-7000G released in 1985. The advantage of LCDs is that they are passive light modulators reflecting light, which require much less power than light-emitting displays such as LEDs or VFDs. By 1976, the cost of the cheapest four-function pocket calculator had dropped to a few dollars, about 1/20 of the cost five years before. In general, a basic electronic calculator consists of the following components:[2]. Pico and GI went on to have significant success in the burgeoning handheld calculator market. "The one-chip calculator is here, and it's only the beginning", Electronic Design, February 18, 1971, p34. "Single Chip Calculator Hits the Finish Line". Most pocket calculators do all their calculations in binary-coded decimal (BCD) rather than binary. Display types used were CRT, cold-cathode Nixie tubes, and filament lamps. It could be expanded with random-access memory (RAM, for memory) and read-only memory (ROM, for software) modules, and peripherals like bar code readers, microcassette and floppy disk drives, paper-roll thermal printers, and miscellaneous communication interfaces (RS-232, HP-IL, HP-IB). For basic calculators, the speed can vary from a few hundred hertz to the kilohertz range. The first handheld calculator was a 1967 prototype called Cal Tech, whose development was led by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments in a research project to produce a portable calculator. The Victor 3900 was the first to use integrated circuits in place of individual transistors, but production problems delayed sales until 1966. This article is about the electronic device. The processor integrated circuit (IC) is made by NEC (marked PD978C). Basic calculators usually store only one number at a time; more specific types are able to store many numbers represented in variables. [6] Except for the Antikythera mechanism (an "out of the time" astronomical device), development of computing tools arrived near the start of the 17th century: the geometric-military compass (by Galileo), logarithms and Napier bones (by Napier), and the slide rule (by Edmund Gunter). By the end of the decade, similar calculators were priced less than 5 ($6.38). This led to alliances between Japanese calculator manufacturers and U.S. semiconductor companies: Canon Inc. with Texas Instruments, Hayakawa Electric (later renamed Sharp Corporation) with North-American Rockwell Microelectronics (later renamed Rockwell International), Busicom with Mostek and Intel, and General Instrument with Sanyo. By employing BCD, the manipulation of numerical data for display can be greatly simplified by treating each digit as a separate single sub-circuit. No discrete components are used. This series of calculators was also noted for a large number of highly counter-intuitive mysterious undocumented features, somewhat similar to "synthetic programming" of the American HP-41, which were exploited by applying normal arithmetic operations to error messages, jumping to nonexistent addresses and other methods. [10] Schickard and Pascal were followed by Gottfried Leibniz who spent forty years designing a four-operation mechanical calculator, the stepped reckoner, inventing in the process his leibniz wheel, but who couldn't design a fully operational machine. This was a PCB-less design. The interior of a Casio fx-20 scientific calculator from the mid-1970s, using a VFD. The ANITA weighed roughly 33 pounds (15kg) due to its large tube system. Also, some fractions (such as 17, which is 0.14285714285714; to 14 significant figures) can be difficult to recognize in decimal form; as a result, many scientific calculators are able to work in vulgar fractions or mixed numbers. It featured a nixie tubes display and had transistor electronics and ferrite core memory.[28]. The processor chip (integrated circuit package) inside a 1980s Sharp pocket calculator, marked SC6762 1H. Often, smaller code results when representing numbers internally in BCD format, since a conversion from or to binary representation can be expensive on such limited processors. Memory technology was usually based on the delay-line memory or the magnetic-core memory, though the Toshiba "Toscal" BC-1411 appears to have used an early form of dynamic RAM built from discrete components. In the mid-1970s the first calculators appeared with field-effect, twisted nematic (TN) LCDs with dark numerals against a grey background, though the early ones often had a yellow filter over them to cut out damaging ultraviolet rays. Bulgaria's ELKA 6521,[20][21] introduced in 1965, was developed by the Central Institute for Calculation Technologies and built at the Elektronika factory in Sofia. This matches much more closely the physical reality of display hardwarea designer might choose to use a series of separate identical seven-segment displays to build a metering circuit, for example. Te 1971. kotao je koliko i fio", "Calculators: They Just Keep Multiplying", "Soviet Digital Electronics Museum ELEKTRONIKA B3-04 3-04 ", Reversing Sinclair's amazing 1974 calculator hack half the ROM of the HP-35, "Google chap reverse engineers Sinclair Scientific Calculator", "Subtracting calculators adds to children's maths abilities, says minister", "Blaise Pascal (16231662) Tercentenary of the calculating machine", "Things that Count: the rise and fall of calculators", Microprocessor and single chip calculator history; foundations in Glenrothes, Scotland, Bell Punch Company and the development of the Anita calculator, Epocalc computers & calculators manufacturers database, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calculator&oldid=1100741247, Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles needing additional references from March 2009, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from June 2022, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2022, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from December 2011, Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2014, Articles with Japanese-language sources (ja), Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, When a calculator is powered on, it scans the.