The person with bunions could be pedantically described as having a laterally rotated hallux or laterally rotated big toe (in other words, use the midline of the body, rather than the midline of the foot, as the reference). Thus, failure of the DFL to work properly does not necessarily involve an immediate or obvious loss of function, especially to the untrained eye or to the less than exquisitely sensitive perceiver. 3.26). A comparison of spindle concentrations of large and small muscles. 10.9) Football (Fig. Thumb through to get the overall concept. 38th ed.
These fasciae, and their associated muscles that pull across the bottom of the foot, form an adjustable bowstring to the longitudinal foot arches. This usually pulls the upper back and/or lower neck toward that shoulder, so that the head shifts toward the shoulder, sometimes tilting to the opposite side all of this visible in Fig. Common postural compensation patterns associated with the SFL include: ankle plantarflexion limitation, knee hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic shift, breathing restrictions in the anterior ribs, and forward head posture.
1.9). In the right bend in Fig. The ability of the hip joint to open either in the first year of life or the thirtieth, depends on these tissues ability to lengthen. Ontario: Backfitpro Inc; 2015. Huijing PA. Intra-, extra-, and intermuscular myofascial force transmission of synergists and antagonists: effects of muscle length as well as relative position. Starting with the heel of your hand on the table to get the proper angle of approach, slide up slowly under the pectoralis major in the direction of the sternoclavicular joint, keeping your finger pads in contact with the front of the rib cage. 163 Pelvic floor Fig. Work with the inner bag manipulation of periarticular tissues as practiced by chiropractors, osteopaths, Fascia and Tensegrity the Musculoskeletal System as a Tensegrity Structure To summarize our arguments so far, we have posed the fibrous system as a body-wide responsive physiological network on a par (in terms of importance and scope) with the circulatory and nervous systems. The SCM, clearly palpable on the surface, has already been covered in our discussion of the SFL (see Fig. The superficial part includes the cutaneous trunci muscle covering the abdomen and thorax, which passes over the scapula and into the cutaneous colli muscle of the neck.
The middle and posterior scalenes, which are incompletely separated in most people) act more like a quadratus 165 cervicorum: stabilizing the head in lateral flexion much as the quadratus lumborum does for the lumbar spine. While the pectineus is confined to the femoral triangle, both the psoas and the iliacus extend above the inguinal ligament into the trunk. 100 CHAPTER 6 100 The Spiral Line Biceps femoris ITT TFL IIiotibial tract Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Tibialis anterior Fig. Switches require the body and sometimes the therapist to make choices.
After completing the strategy from Step 4 on our putative client, we find that the shoulder is mostly repositioned, but now immobility or a syncopated scapular rhythm is apparent between the scapula and the humerus in back, so we revise/renew our strategy to include the infraspinatus and teres minor tissues of the Deep Back Arm Line. 1. 26. 4.12 The penumbra of the SFL could be said to include the entire quadriceps group, but a stricter interpretation sticks with the rectus femoris part of this group, passing up onto the anterior inferior iliac spine. If your wrists are too low or your index finger is in front of the mastoid, you will go into the space between the jaw and the mastoid, which is definitely not recommended. Aside from the bony similarity (strange in itself when one considers that the arm and leg evolved at somewhat different times for different purposes), the muscles also display interesting correspondences, e.g.
Fascia: The Tensional Network of the Human Body. Since initial publication, I have also become aware of the work of Andry Vleeming and associates on myofascial slings in relation to force closure of the sacroiliac joint,61,62 especially as applied clinically by the incomparable Diane Lee61,63 (Fig. The fascia covers the m. gluteus medius (GM) which originates from the epimysium of m. longissimus dorsi (LD). 6.14). The rest of the volley might go diagonally down and across as we have detailed with the BFL, or straight down the Superficial Front Line for a point-winning slam right at the net. 7.27 and www.anatomytrains.com video ref: Shoulders and Arm Lines, 54:5655:53). It consists of the short head of the biceps running from the fibula up the linea aspera of the femur, and the middle section of the adductor magnus running from the same place on the femur up to the ischial ramus just in front of the hamstrings. On the bottom, we can intuit that only a few turns of the string would set the stick in rapid motion. This arrangement also acts as a simple tensegrity structure.
Lieberman D. The Story of the Human Body. Each meridian describes one very precise line of pull through the body, and most complex movements, of course, sweep across the body, changing their angles of pull second by second (for example, the footballer kicking or the discus thrower). The SCM can also be easily distinguished by having the supine client rotate the head to one side and lift it against resistance, such as a hand resting on the forehead (see Fig.
Both SLs could use toning, to bring the belly in and the upper thoracic/shoulder assembly forward.
In our human faces, bite has been subordinated to sight, and the gut hangs from this crucial center at the bottom of the skull. Subcutaneous tissue mechanical behavior is linear and viscoelastic under uniaxial tension. During development, support cells guide the neurons to their final destination, provide nutrients to neurons, create protective barriers, secrete neuroprotective chemicals, and literally provide the glue and skeleton to hold the nervous system together. 2.7 and Ch.
5.21). A1.3 Small numbers of cells can hold themselves together and thus create tissue structure, through cell-to-cell adhesions. If we add the deltoidtrapezius connection from the Superficial Back Arm Line to the latissimus pectoralis ring of attachments, we see an entire circle of stabilization around the shoulder joint, any piece or all of B Consider the sheet of the external oblique (A), whose upper fibers all start from the ribs, but with a sweep lower attachments. The tissue between the metatarsals can also be included in this line the dorsal interossei and accompanying fascia. This brings us to the obvious, but complex, relationship between the SFL and the SBL, the two lines that traverse the front and back aspects of the body. 114.
In the abdomen, one set of external/internal oblique (abdominal ribs to opposite pelvis) complex may be visibly shorter than the other (Fig. In practice, of course, the two come together in the story-making part of the process.
Fuller B. Synergetics. Imagine that you could somehow magically extract all the juice out of a grapefruit without disturbing the structure within.
Both sides show an anterior tilt of the pelvis relative to the femur, which leads to the long lumbar curve, which we would term a posterior bend of the lumbars. In 1986, Dr James Oschman,51,52 a Woods Hole biologist who has done a thorough literature search in fields related to healing, handed me an article by the South African anthropologist Raymond Dart on the double-spiral relationship of muscles in the trunk.53 Dart had unearthed the concept not from the soil of the australopithecine plains of South Africa, but out of his experience as a student of the Alexander Technique.54 The arrangement of interlinked muscles Dart described is included in this book as part of what I have termed the Spiral Line, and his article started a journey of discovery which extended into the myofascial continuities presented here (Fig.
A1.66A). By adjusting the cables and then securing them, this mast can be made a solid support in any number of different positions. 3rd ed.
[Epub 2015 Jun 20]. 11.9AE) Having noted these general (and somewhat value-laden, so hold them lightly) considerations, we proceed to Step 1, describing as objectively as possible the relative skeletal position.
9.2 Deep Front Line tracks and stations.
A1.9).
This edition has been fully updated with the latest evidence-based research and includes new coverage of anatomy trains in motion using Pilates-evolved movement, anatomy trains in horses and dogs, and the updated fascial compendium on elements, properties, neurology, and origins of the fascial system. This long station violates the spirit of the Anatomy Trains idea of longitudinal fascial continuities separable from their underlying bones (see the discussion of the inner and outer bags in Appendix 1, p. 289). 163. The swing of the arm creates an apparent paradox in the upper Spiral Line the splenii, rhomboids, and serratus anterior which cannot be consistently shortened throughout either serratus anterior or the rhomboids will be long or short, since they cannot both be in the same state on the same side (Fig.
Dynamic morphometric characterization of local connective tissue network structure using ultrasound. It may be easier to reach the belly of the short head from one or the other side due to individual variation in the anatomy. The scalenes form a kind of skirt around the cervical vertebrae, acting to create or stabilize lateral flexion of the head and neck, in a similar fashion to the QL. Ferguson A, McPartland J, Upledger J, etal. Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. The connections are linked through a tensegrity geometry of the entire body, and are constantly changing in response to the cells activity, the bodys activity (as communicated mechanically along the trails of the fiber matrix), and the condition of the matrix itself.196 Microtensegrity and Optimal Biomechanical Health It appears that cells assemble, function, and stabilize themselves much as we as organisms do as a stretch activated system.
The good news is that elasticity can be (re)trained in an enjoyable and safe manner. Her right one, though better situated in general on the ribs, has a slight anterior tilt. The Pelvic Girdle. 2.8 A traditional view of the sacrotuberous ligament (A) shows it linking the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum. The psoas is simply not one fusiform string, it is an entire harp for the lumber spine its power, and its relationship to the sacrum, pelvis, and leg (Video 3.17).
If we could fix such a preparation in space so that it would not just collapse like a burst balloon, it would be very valuable in showing us this fascial organ as a continuum. The parallels in the bones remain; the parallels in the muscles remain, but the longitudinal connections through the fascia have changed with the times.
(The muscles that reach down from the calf to pull up on the various arches will turn up later as the lower ends of other major train lines see Chs 5, 6, and 9 on the Lateral, Spiral, and Deep Front Lines.) gastrocnemii heads reach up and around the hamstring tendons to insert onto the upper portions of the femoral condyles. Fig. 9.49, p. 170). This can affect the tonus and coordination of all six Functional Lines, but, again, the Spiral, Lateral, or Deep Front Lines are usually more salient to the pattern shift. Though never listed in the books, we have found such alternative attachments fairly often in cadaver dissection.) The key to this overall pattern, however, lies in the Deep Front Line work, which has a chance, if the leg length difference is not anatomical, to open the right groin and allow the upper body to right itself. A1.8). Put your arms beside or above your head, palms up. (Reproduced with permission from Jiang H, Grinnell F. American Society for Cell Biology; 2005.) Sole R, Goodwin B. When one side is contracted, the other side is stretched, inducing a contraction in it, which stretches the first side, so it contracts, and so on and on upstream. So let this section serve for anyone who builds themselves around an unmalleable piece of their environment potters, jewelers, bicyclists, and postmen among them. Laid over this is the more superficial track from the ASIS, consisting of the anterolateral fibers of the external oblique, which go upward and backward (Video 3.8). 8.7 A backhand shot could similarly join the latissimus to its opposite partner as well as down the torso to the pelvis and beyond. side is often counterbalanced by shortness in the neck on its opposite. Fig.
You will encounter the clearly palpable knob of the 5th metatarsal base, and it is from here that the fibularis brevis makes its way up toward the back of the fibular malleolus. Generally, this tissue wants to be moved cephalad, but sometimes, as in the case of a pinched or narrow chest, it also requires a lateral vector (www.anatomytrains.com video ref: Superficial Front Line, 33:0540:38). Paradigm Publications; 198833 with kind permission.) The right SL is fully engaged; the left is conversely contracted, right down to the supinating left foot.
Observe where the spine rotates.
Schleip R, Klinger W, Lehmann-Horn F. Fascia is able to contract in a smooth muscle-like manner and thereby influence musculoskeletal mechanics. This alternation of predominant tissues is a metaphor that is too brittle to be pressed very hard, but is nonetheless useful to note. The long and twisting road of evolution and the literal twisting of the arm and leg that takes place during fetal development have both served to blur easy one-to-one comparisons among the arm and leg lines, as differing kinetic connections have been made in each.
Taking the medial to lateral differences first: a common pattern is that the rhomboids are locked long (overstretched, eccentrically loaded) with the serrati locked short (concentrically loaded), pulling the scapula away from the spine. In (B), we see an anterior tilt of the pelvis, with a posterior bend of the lumbars and an anterior shift of the head due to an anterior bend in the upper thoracic spine. The outermost layer of fascia is very thin; the dermis is the highly elastic and strong carpet-backing for the skin. (Are the eyes and skin clear? Now the question becomes how do we get all this centered over the small base of support the feet provide? Runs from the spinous processes through the scapula to the back of the arm and the little finger. Practitioners of both visceral and cranial manipulation posit that effects from twists and restrictions in their respective systems are reflected in the musculoskeletal structure. Too little movement in one plane often results in excessive movement in another plane. Crossing over the tips of the spinous processes with a continuous fascial sheet, we pick up the rhomboids major Fig. The three major tendons pass up inside the ankle behind the medial malleolus (see Fig. 5.20). C Forefoot rocker D Toe rocker Fig. Palpating in this direction is not for the faint of heart and should initially be practiced with a friend or tolerant colleague, but it is a rewarding and not very invasive way of affecting the pelvic floor, the site of so many insults to structure, especially for women. Are such observations clinically useful? A5.5 SDL/SVL balance is key to efficient biomechanics. Here, to assure a healthy degree of myofascial responsiveness, long-held melting poses or massages are complemented in these sequences with invigorating motions, in which the previously lengthened muscles and fascia are gently engaged to more quickly restore normal tissue integrity.
Vleeming A, Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Stoeckart R, etal. 7.10 and www.anatomytrains.com video ref. Structure and distribution of an unrecognized interstitiumin human tissues. Sawicki GS, Lewis CL, Ferris DP.
Muramatsu T, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T. Mechanical properties of tendon and aponeurosis of human gastrocnemius muscle in vivo. Other connections among the lines are made by the arms on a minute-by-minute basis to accommodate the varying movements and strains placed on the shoulderarm complex carrying a tray full of dishes, wielding a shovel, or attempting to put the hands together behind the back. To continue down from here, place your fingers under the edge of the anterior iliac crest, then abduct and medially CHAPTER 6 The Spiral Line A 105 tendon as far down as you can toward its station between the 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform (see Fig. Finally, I hope that I have honored Vesalius and all the other explorers before me by getting the anatomy about right.
The rectus abdominis is easily felt between the pubis and the ribs by having the client lift his head and chest as in a sit-up. 17. 5.10A).
Attention to the inner bag of peri-articular tissues, however, as well as dorsal and ventral cavity connective tissue complexes (cranial and visceral manipulation), is essential, advisable, and simply not covered by this book. London: WB Saunders; 1999:23. 2.12A). Kinesthesia: Proprioception and Interoception Anatomy Trains in Motion exercises make use of kinesthesia, both its proprioceptive and interoceptive aspects. From the bio-mechanical side, Florence Kendall and her kin paved the way in understanding lumbopelvic relationships, leading to Jandas upper crossed syndrome.3,4 The somatoemotional point-of-view was first articulated by the awesome and difficult Wilhelm Reich, followed by the bioenergeticists and body-centered psychologists.57 On a physiological level, the somatotyping work of William Sheldon measuring ectomorphy, mesomorphy, and endomorphy sought to connect shape to specific physiologies and psychological tendencies.
140. Everywhere else collagen fibers run between the layers and must be divided with a scalpel to create these distinct layers. In (B), we see an anterior shift of the head relative to the ribs, and an anterior shift of the ribs relative to the pelvis.
3.12 Around the heel, there is a strong and dissectable fascial continuity between the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon and its associated muscles. In: Schleip R, Findley TW, Chaitow L, etal, eds. It is instead necessary that the actual oxygen molecule be captured from the air by the surfactant bordering the epithelium of the alveolus, cross through this surface layer, over the interstitial space and connective tissue layer, pass through the alveolar capillary wall, swim through the plasma until it finds a red blood cell, pass through the membrane of the red blood cell and hook itself on to a bushy hemoglobin molecule, ride with the red blood cell out to the arm, detach itself from the hemoglobin, escape from the red blood cell, pass with the plasma through the capillary wall, pass between the fibers and the ground substance in the interstitial space and squiggle through the membrane of the cell in question, finally to enter the Krebs cycle in the service of raising my arm. Langevin H, Cornbrooks CJ, Taatjes DJ. 7. A1.79). In 10.51A, the LL opens with ease from the lateral arch of the back foot up the outside of the leg to the iliac crest, across the waist and ribs to the neck.
10.11) Although this player demonstrates fairly good body use, we can see that the Superficial Front Line is significantly shortened, pulling the head down toward the pubic bone. Shiatsu, Acupressure, or Thumb Work The practice of shiatsu, acupressure, and some other forms of pressure-point work such as finding and eradicating trigger points involve placing significant pressure through the thumbs.
In fact, one can argue that dividing them into separate muscles is a convenient fiction. 1.18 Although Darts original article contained no illustrations, this illustration from Manaka shows the same pattern Dart discussed, part of what we call the Spiral Line.
Born to Walk. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2012:113116.
Getting truly informed consent from and staying engaged with the client, lift the umbilicus toward the ceiling and/or toward the clients head. 9.6 The DFL passes between the SBL and SFL tracks, contracting during the push-off phase of walking to support the medial arch. Frres, Mairlot: Matres et Cles de la Posture; 1992. 43. Buildings, however, are seldom measured in terms of design efficiencies such as performance-per-pound. (B) Designer R. Buckminster Fuller with a geometric model. Connective tissue cells produce ECM in response to local conditions, which in turn affect global conditions that re-impinge on local conditions in an unending recursive process.10 Understanding of the myofascial meridians assists in organizing the search for both the silent culprit and the necessary global decompensations reversing the downward spiral of increasing immobility. Restrictions in either of these lines could affect the ability of the student to perform this action. Moore K, Persaud T. The Developing Human.
It CHAPTER 4 The Superficial Front Line A B C Fig. (Drawing by Inger Recht Fascialines.com) theory put forward by Sleiper in 1946, who explained the back motion and support in animals. The serratus protracts the scapula inferiorly and laterally; the rhomboids retract it superiorly and medially. Common postural compensation patterns associated with the DFL include chronic plantarflexion (or resistance to dorsiflexion), high and fallen arch patterns, pronation and supination, genu valgus and varus, anterior or posterior pelvic tilt, pelvic floor insufficiency, lumbar malalignment, thoracolumbar rotations, breathing restriction, flexed or hyperextended cervicals, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome, swallowing and language difficulties, and the general core collapse which accompanies depression or defeat. Even so, clients reports of their own histories can be deceiving, giving added value to more objective analysis of clients or photos prior to getting their history, which can sometimes guide the practitioner down a primrose path. The Functional Lines appear as spirals on the body, and always work in helical patterns. If you dorsiflex and evert the foot, you may find the peroneus tertius tendon (if you or your model has one), just lateral to the little toe tendon, going down to the middle of the 5th metatarsal (see Fig. Juhan D. Jobs Body. It is surprising to us how often an initial and uneducated assessment turns out to be insight down the road. If you bring the two surfaces into apposition again and keep them there as in going back into a familiar slump your fascial system will lay down new fibers that will rebind the area.69 But this will take some time (on the order of a couple of months), and is not the same as elastic recoil in the tissue itself.
These fasciae, and their associated muscles that pull across the bottom of the foot, form an adjustable bowstring to the longitudinal foot arches. This usually pulls the upper back and/or lower neck toward that shoulder, so that the head shifts toward the shoulder, sometimes tilting to the opposite side all of this visible in Fig. Common postural compensation patterns associated with the SFL include: ankle plantarflexion limitation, knee hyperextension, anterior pelvic tilt, anterior pelvic shift, breathing restrictions in the anterior ribs, and forward head posture.
1.9). In the right bend in Fig. The ability of the hip joint to open either in the first year of life or the thirtieth, depends on these tissues ability to lengthen. Ontario: Backfitpro Inc; 2015. Huijing PA. Intra-, extra-, and intermuscular myofascial force transmission of synergists and antagonists: effects of muscle length as well as relative position. Starting with the heel of your hand on the table to get the proper angle of approach, slide up slowly under the pectoralis major in the direction of the sternoclavicular joint, keeping your finger pads in contact with the front of the rib cage. 163 Pelvic floor Fig. Work with the inner bag manipulation of periarticular tissues as practiced by chiropractors, osteopaths, Fascia and Tensegrity the Musculoskeletal System as a Tensegrity Structure To summarize our arguments so far, we have posed the fibrous system as a body-wide responsive physiological network on a par (in terms of importance and scope) with the circulatory and nervous systems. The SCM, clearly palpable on the surface, has already been covered in our discussion of the SFL (see Fig. The superficial part includes the cutaneous trunci muscle covering the abdomen and thorax, which passes over the scapula and into the cutaneous colli muscle of the neck.
The middle and posterior scalenes, which are incompletely separated in most people) act more like a quadratus 165 cervicorum: stabilizing the head in lateral flexion much as the quadratus lumborum does for the lumbar spine. While the pectineus is confined to the femoral triangle, both the psoas and the iliacus extend above the inguinal ligament into the trunk. 100 CHAPTER 6 100 The Spiral Line Biceps femoris ITT TFL IIiotibial tract Fibularis longus Tibialis anterior Tibialis anterior Fig. Switches require the body and sometimes the therapist to make choices.
After completing the strategy from Step 4 on our putative client, we find that the shoulder is mostly repositioned, but now immobility or a syncopated scapular rhythm is apparent between the scapula and the humerus in back, so we revise/renew our strategy to include the infraspinatus and teres minor tissues of the Deep Back Arm Line. 1. 26. 4.12 The penumbra of the SFL could be said to include the entire quadriceps group, but a stricter interpretation sticks with the rectus femoris part of this group, passing up onto the anterior inferior iliac spine. If your wrists are too low or your index finger is in front of the mastoid, you will go into the space between the jaw and the mastoid, which is definitely not recommended. Aside from the bony similarity (strange in itself when one considers that the arm and leg evolved at somewhat different times for different purposes), the muscles also display interesting correspondences, e.g.
Fascia: The Tensional Network of the Human Body. Since initial publication, I have also become aware of the work of Andry Vleeming and associates on myofascial slings in relation to force closure of the sacroiliac joint,61,62 especially as applied clinically by the incomparable Diane Lee61,63 (Fig. The fascia covers the m. gluteus medius (GM) which originates from the epimysium of m. longissimus dorsi (LD). 6.14). The rest of the volley might go diagonally down and across as we have detailed with the BFL, or straight down the Superficial Front Line for a point-winning slam right at the net. 7.27 and www.anatomytrains.com video ref: Shoulders and Arm Lines, 54:5655:53). It consists of the short head of the biceps running from the fibula up the linea aspera of the femur, and the middle section of the adductor magnus running from the same place on the femur up to the ischial ramus just in front of the hamstrings. On the bottom, we can intuit that only a few turns of the string would set the stick in rapid motion. This arrangement also acts as a simple tensegrity structure.
Lieberman D. The Story of the Human Body. Each meridian describes one very precise line of pull through the body, and most complex movements, of course, sweep across the body, changing their angles of pull second by second (for example, the footballer kicking or the discus thrower). The SCM can also be easily distinguished by having the supine client rotate the head to one side and lift it against resistance, such as a hand resting on the forehead (see Fig.
Both SLs could use toning, to bring the belly in and the upper thoracic/shoulder assembly forward.
In our human faces, bite has been subordinated to sight, and the gut hangs from this crucial center at the bottom of the skull. Subcutaneous tissue mechanical behavior is linear and viscoelastic under uniaxial tension. During development, support cells guide the neurons to their final destination, provide nutrients to neurons, create protective barriers, secrete neuroprotective chemicals, and literally provide the glue and skeleton to hold the nervous system together. 2.7 and Ch.
5.21). A1.3 Small numbers of cells can hold themselves together and thus create tissue structure, through cell-to-cell adhesions. If we add the deltoidtrapezius connection from the Superficial Back Arm Line to the latissimus pectoralis ring of attachments, we see an entire circle of stabilization around the shoulder joint, any piece or all of B Consider the sheet of the external oblique (A), whose upper fibers all start from the ribs, but with a sweep lower attachments. The tissue between the metatarsals can also be included in this line the dorsal interossei and accompanying fascia. This brings us to the obvious, but complex, relationship between the SFL and the SBL, the two lines that traverse the front and back aspects of the body. 114.
In the abdomen, one set of external/internal oblique (abdominal ribs to opposite pelvis) complex may be visibly shorter than the other (Fig. In practice, of course, the two come together in the story-making part of the process.
Fuller B. Synergetics. Imagine that you could somehow magically extract all the juice out of a grapefruit without disturbing the structure within.
Both sides show an anterior tilt of the pelvis relative to the femur, which leads to the long lumbar curve, which we would term a posterior bend of the lumbars. In 1986, Dr James Oschman,51,52 a Woods Hole biologist who has done a thorough literature search in fields related to healing, handed me an article by the South African anthropologist Raymond Dart on the double-spiral relationship of muscles in the trunk.53 Dart had unearthed the concept not from the soil of the australopithecine plains of South Africa, but out of his experience as a student of the Alexander Technique.54 The arrangement of interlinked muscles Dart described is included in this book as part of what I have termed the Spiral Line, and his article started a journey of discovery which extended into the myofascial continuities presented here (Fig.
A1.66A). By adjusting the cables and then securing them, this mast can be made a solid support in any number of different positions. 3rd ed.
[Epub 2015 Jun 20]. 11.9AE) Having noted these general (and somewhat value-laden, so hold them lightly) considerations, we proceed to Step 1, describing as objectively as possible the relative skeletal position.
9.2 Deep Front Line tracks and stations.
A1.9).
This edition has been fully updated with the latest evidence-based research and includes new coverage of anatomy trains in motion using Pilates-evolved movement, anatomy trains in horses and dogs, and the updated fascial compendium on elements, properties, neurology, and origins of the fascial system. This long station violates the spirit of the Anatomy Trains idea of longitudinal fascial continuities separable from their underlying bones (see the discussion of the inner and outer bags in Appendix 1, p. 289). 163. The swing of the arm creates an apparent paradox in the upper Spiral Line the splenii, rhomboids, and serratus anterior which cannot be consistently shortened throughout either serratus anterior or the rhomboids will be long or short, since they cannot both be in the same state on the same side (Fig.
Dynamic morphometric characterization of local connective tissue network structure using ultrasound. It may be easier to reach the belly of the short head from one or the other side due to individual variation in the anatomy. The scalenes form a kind of skirt around the cervical vertebrae, acting to create or stabilize lateral flexion of the head and neck, in a similar fashion to the QL. Ferguson A, McPartland J, Upledger J, etal. Relationship of acupuncture points and meridians to connective tissue planes. The connections are linked through a tensegrity geometry of the entire body, and are constantly changing in response to the cells activity, the bodys activity (as communicated mechanically along the trails of the fiber matrix), and the condition of the matrix itself.196 Microtensegrity and Optimal Biomechanical Health It appears that cells assemble, function, and stabilize themselves much as we as organisms do as a stretch activated system.
The good news is that elasticity can be (re)trained in an enjoyable and safe manner. Her right one, though better situated in general on the ribs, has a slight anterior tilt. The Pelvic Girdle. 2.8 A traditional view of the sacrotuberous ligament (A) shows it linking the ischial tuberosity to the sacrum. The psoas is simply not one fusiform string, it is an entire harp for the lumber spine its power, and its relationship to the sacrum, pelvis, and leg (Video 3.17).
If we could fix such a preparation in space so that it would not just collapse like a burst balloon, it would be very valuable in showing us this fascial organ as a continuum. The parallels in the bones remain; the parallels in the muscles remain, but the longitudinal connections through the fascia have changed with the times.
(The muscles that reach down from the calf to pull up on the various arches will turn up later as the lower ends of other major train lines see Chs 5, 6, and 9 on the Lateral, Spiral, and Deep Front Lines.) gastrocnemii heads reach up and around the hamstring tendons to insert onto the upper portions of the femoral condyles. Fig. 9.49, p. 170). This can affect the tonus and coordination of all six Functional Lines, but, again, the Spiral, Lateral, or Deep Front Lines are usually more salient to the pattern shift. Though never listed in the books, we have found such alternative attachments fairly often in cadaver dissection.) The key to this overall pattern, however, lies in the Deep Front Line work, which has a chance, if the leg length difference is not anatomical, to open the right groin and allow the upper body to right itself. A1.8). Put your arms beside or above your head, palms up. (Reproduced with permission from Jiang H, Grinnell F. American Society for Cell Biology; 2005.) Sole R, Goodwin B. When one side is contracted, the other side is stretched, inducing a contraction in it, which stretches the first side, so it contracts, and so on and on upstream. So let this section serve for anyone who builds themselves around an unmalleable piece of their environment potters, jewelers, bicyclists, and postmen among them. Laid over this is the more superficial track from the ASIS, consisting of the anterolateral fibers of the external oblique, which go upward and backward (Video 3.8). 8.7 A backhand shot could similarly join the latissimus to its opposite partner as well as down the torso to the pelvis and beyond. side is often counterbalanced by shortness in the neck on its opposite. Fig.
You will encounter the clearly palpable knob of the 5th metatarsal base, and it is from here that the fibularis brevis makes its way up toward the back of the fibular malleolus. Generally, this tissue wants to be moved cephalad, but sometimes, as in the case of a pinched or narrow chest, it also requires a lateral vector (www.anatomytrains.com video ref: Superficial Front Line, 33:0540:38). Paradigm Publications; 198833 with kind permission.) The right SL is fully engaged; the left is conversely contracted, right down to the supinating left foot.
Observe where the spine rotates.
Schleip R, Klinger W, Lehmann-Horn F. Fascia is able to contract in a smooth muscle-like manner and thereby influence musculoskeletal mechanics. This alternation of predominant tissues is a metaphor that is too brittle to be pressed very hard, but is nonetheless useful to note. The long and twisting road of evolution and the literal twisting of the arm and leg that takes place during fetal development have both served to blur easy one-to-one comparisons among the arm and leg lines, as differing kinetic connections have been made in each.
Taking the medial to lateral differences first: a common pattern is that the rhomboids are locked long (overstretched, eccentrically loaded) with the serrati locked short (concentrically loaded), pulling the scapula away from the spine. In (B), we see an anterior tilt of the pelvis, with a posterior bend of the lumbars and an anterior shift of the head due to an anterior bend in the upper thoracic spine. The outermost layer of fascia is very thin; the dermis is the highly elastic and strong carpet-backing for the skin. (Are the eyes and skin clear? Now the question becomes how do we get all this centered over the small base of support the feet provide? Runs from the spinous processes through the scapula to the back of the arm and the little finger. Practitioners of both visceral and cranial manipulation posit that effects from twists and restrictions in their respective systems are reflected in the musculoskeletal structure. Too little movement in one plane often results in excessive movement in another plane. Crossing over the tips of the spinous processes with a continuous fascial sheet, we pick up the rhomboids major Fig. The three major tendons pass up inside the ankle behind the medial malleolus (see Fig. 5.20). C Forefoot rocker D Toe rocker Fig. Palpating in this direction is not for the faint of heart and should initially be practiced with a friend or tolerant colleague, but it is a rewarding and not very invasive way of affecting the pelvic floor, the site of so many insults to structure, especially for women. Are such observations clinically useful? A5.5 SDL/SVL balance is key to efficient biomechanics. Here, to assure a healthy degree of myofascial responsiveness, long-held melting poses or massages are complemented in these sequences with invigorating motions, in which the previously lengthened muscles and fascia are gently engaged to more quickly restore normal tissue integrity.
Vleeming A, Pool-Goudzwaard AL, Stoeckart R, etal. 7.10 and www.anatomytrains.com video ref. Structure and distribution of an unrecognized interstitiumin human tissues. Sawicki GS, Lewis CL, Ferris DP.
Muramatsu T, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T. Mechanical properties of tendon and aponeurosis of human gastrocnemius muscle in vivo. Other connections among the lines are made by the arms on a minute-by-minute basis to accommodate the varying movements and strains placed on the shoulderarm complex carrying a tray full of dishes, wielding a shovel, or attempting to put the hands together behind the back. To continue down from here, place your fingers under the edge of the anterior iliac crest, then abduct and medially CHAPTER 6 The Spiral Line A 105 tendon as far down as you can toward its station between the 1st metatarsal and 1st cuneiform (see Fig. Finally, I hope that I have honored Vesalius and all the other explorers before me by getting the anatomy about right.
The rectus abdominis is easily felt between the pubis and the ribs by having the client lift his head and chest as in a sit-up. 17. 5.10A).
Attention to the inner bag of peri-articular tissues, however, as well as dorsal and ventral cavity connective tissue complexes (cranial and visceral manipulation), is essential, advisable, and simply not covered by this book. London: WB Saunders; 1999:23. 2.12A). Kinesthesia: Proprioception and Interoception Anatomy Trains in Motion exercises make use of kinesthesia, both its proprioceptive and interoceptive aspects. From the bio-mechanical side, Florence Kendall and her kin paved the way in understanding lumbopelvic relationships, leading to Jandas upper crossed syndrome.3,4 The somatoemotional point-of-view was first articulated by the awesome and difficult Wilhelm Reich, followed by the bioenergeticists and body-centered psychologists.57 On a physiological level, the somatotyping work of William Sheldon measuring ectomorphy, mesomorphy, and endomorphy sought to connect shape to specific physiologies and psychological tendencies.
140. Everywhere else collagen fibers run between the layers and must be divided with a scalpel to create these distinct layers. In (B), we see an anterior shift of the head relative to the ribs, and an anterior shift of the ribs relative to the pelvis.
3.12 Around the heel, there is a strong and dissectable fascial continuity between the plantar fascia and the Achilles tendon and its associated muscles. In: Schleip R, Findley TW, Chaitow L, etal, eds. It is instead necessary that the actual oxygen molecule be captured from the air by the surfactant bordering the epithelium of the alveolus, cross through this surface layer, over the interstitial space and connective tissue layer, pass through the alveolar capillary wall, swim through the plasma until it finds a red blood cell, pass through the membrane of the red blood cell and hook itself on to a bushy hemoglobin molecule, ride with the red blood cell out to the arm, detach itself from the hemoglobin, escape from the red blood cell, pass with the plasma through the capillary wall, pass between the fibers and the ground substance in the interstitial space and squiggle through the membrane of the cell in question, finally to enter the Krebs cycle in the service of raising my arm. Langevin H, Cornbrooks CJ, Taatjes DJ. 7. A1.79). In 10.51A, the LL opens with ease from the lateral arch of the back foot up the outside of the leg to the iliac crest, across the waist and ribs to the neck.
10.11) Although this player demonstrates fairly good body use, we can see that the Superficial Front Line is significantly shortened, pulling the head down toward the pubic bone. Shiatsu, Acupressure, or Thumb Work The practice of shiatsu, acupressure, and some other forms of pressure-point work such as finding and eradicating trigger points involve placing significant pressure through the thumbs.
In fact, one can argue that dividing them into separate muscles is a convenient fiction. 1.18 Although Darts original article contained no illustrations, this illustration from Manaka shows the same pattern Dart discussed, part of what we call the Spiral Line.
Born to Walk. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2012:113116.
Getting truly informed consent from and staying engaged with the client, lift the umbilicus toward the ceiling and/or toward the clients head. 9.6 The DFL passes between the SBL and SFL tracks, contracting during the push-off phase of walking to support the medial arch. Frres, Mairlot: Matres et Cles de la Posture; 1992. 43. Buildings, however, are seldom measured in terms of design efficiencies such as performance-per-pound. (B) Designer R. Buckminster Fuller with a geometric model. Connective tissue cells produce ECM in response to local conditions, which in turn affect global conditions that re-impinge on local conditions in an unending recursive process.10 Understanding of the myofascial meridians assists in organizing the search for both the silent culprit and the necessary global decompensations reversing the downward spiral of increasing immobility. Restrictions in either of these lines could affect the ability of the student to perform this action. Moore K, Persaud T. The Developing Human.
It CHAPTER 4 The Superficial Front Line A B C Fig. (Drawing by Inger Recht Fascialines.com) theory put forward by Sleiper in 1946, who explained the back motion and support in animals. The serratus protracts the scapula inferiorly and laterally; the rhomboids retract it superiorly and medially. Common postural compensation patterns associated with the DFL include chronic plantarflexion (or resistance to dorsiflexion), high and fallen arch patterns, pronation and supination, genu valgus and varus, anterior or posterior pelvic tilt, pelvic floor insufficiency, lumbar malalignment, thoracolumbar rotations, breathing restriction, flexed or hyperextended cervicals, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) syndrome, swallowing and language difficulties, and the general core collapse which accompanies depression or defeat. Even so, clients reports of their own histories can be deceiving, giving added value to more objective analysis of clients or photos prior to getting their history, which can sometimes guide the practitioner down a primrose path. The Functional Lines appear as spirals on the body, and always work in helical patterns. If you dorsiflex and evert the foot, you may find the peroneus tertius tendon (if you or your model has one), just lateral to the little toe tendon, going down to the middle of the 5th metatarsal (see Fig. Juhan D. Jobs Body. It is surprising to us how often an initial and uneducated assessment turns out to be insight down the road. If you bring the two surfaces into apposition again and keep them there as in going back into a familiar slump your fascial system will lay down new fibers that will rebind the area.69 But this will take some time (on the order of a couple of months), and is not the same as elastic recoil in the tissue itself.