Background: Vitamin D deficiencyglycolic acid walmart

Background: Vitamin D deficiency is associated with cancer and autoimmune diseases, but little is known about the association between vitamin D and antinuclear antibodies (ANA), a biomarker of immune dysfunction in healthy populations. ELISAs were used to evaluate serum for antibodies to Sm, nuclear ribonucleoprotein (nRNP), Ro, La, ribosomal P (ribo P) and cardiolipin, as previously described.30 Samples were run in duplicate and normalised to a known positive control. To view these files please visit the journal online at (http://ard.bmj.com). Specifically, vitamin D influences the efficiency of regulatory T lymphocytes and activity of T helper lymphocytes (Th17), both thought to be important for mediating and regulating autoimmune responses (6, 24). ): H.C.S. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), type 1 diabetes mellitus, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), mixed connective tissue disease, autoimmune thyroid disease, scleroderma and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).19 Vitamin D levels are lower in individuals with undifferentiated connective tissue disease than in controls, and lower in patients who progressed to well-established connective tissue diseases than in those whose did not progress.10, Vitamin D supplementation has been shown to improve disease in murine models of MS, RA, type 1 diabetes mellitus, IBD and SLE.11 Addition of vitamin D and its synthetic analogues to murine models of SLE have resulted in improved dermatological disease, reduced proteinuria and increased survival.1 SLE is a complex heterogeneous autoimmune disorder arising from genetic predisposition and environmental risks.12,13 Vitamin D deficiency has been found in approximately two-thirds of patients with SLE, with approximately one-fifth of patients having severe deficiency (<10 ng/ml).2 Additionally, serum vitamin D levels have been shown to correlate inversely with disease activity.1416, Vitamin D has modulatory effects on B lymphocytes and Ig production.

The coefficient of variation for the assay was calculated from blind QC pools and ranged from 6.5% to 11.3% for the 2001 to 2002 cycle and 4.4% to 13.2% for the 2003 to 2004 cycle (19, 20). ANA was measured using sera at a 1:80 dilution in NHANES. 0000002551 00000 n

In single-predictor logistic regression models, both 25(OH)D (p=0.033) and number of autoantibody specificities (p=0.023) are significantly associated with IFN activity.

60 kD Ro and nRNP A frequently initiate human lupus autoimmunity. **p=0.002 (unpaired t test).

Anti-Ro-positive patients in this small cohort were not more likely to have documented photosensitivity than anti-Ro-negative patients (60% vs 77%; p=0.450, Fisher exact test). Patients with SLE were evaluated for disease activity by the SELENA-modified SLE disease activity index (SELENA-SLEDAI), physician global assessment (PGA) and systemic lupus activity measure (SLAM). Competing interests JBH has served as a consultant for BioRad and owns stock in IVAX Diagnostics. 0000003416 00000 n 0000185196 00000 n Figure 2 shows the adjusted weighted POR and 95% CI of ANA by serum vitamin D level. %PDF-1.7 % Vitamin D deficiency remained associated with ANA (POR: 1.90; 95% CI, 1.053.42), while the association between vitamin D insufficiency and ANA did not reach statistical significance in this smaller subsample (POR: 1.56; 95% CI, 0.783.11). American Association for Cancer Research. endstream endobj 427 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 424 0 R/Names 428 0 R/Outlines 412 0 R/Pages 423 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 428 0 obj <> endobj 429 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/Tabs/W/Thumb 417 0 R/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 595.276 841.89]/Type/Page>> endobj 430 0 obj [431 0 R] endobj 431 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/H/N/Rect[444.871 793.605 543.251 783.094]/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> endobj 432 0 obj <> endobj 433 0 obj <> endobj 434 0 obj <> endobj 435 0 obj <> endobj 436 0 obj <> endobj 437 0 obj [/ICCBased 461 0 R] endobj 438 0 obj <> endobj 439 0 obj <> endobj 440 0 obj [466 0 R] endobj 441 0 obj <>stream Controls completed the Connective Tissue Disease Screening Questionnaire (CSQ).28. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured by radioimmunoassay. The weighted prevalence for each ANA immunofluorescence intensity score (range, 04) was as follows: 0 to 1, 19.3%; 2, 63.2%; 3, 16.8%; and 4, 0.7%.

Those with severe vitamin D deficiency had 2.99 (95% CI, 1.257.15) times the adjusted odds of ANA than those with vitamin D levels in the normal range. Vitamin D-deficient patients had a mean (SD) serum IFN activity of 3.5 (6.6) compared with 0.34 (0.33) in non-vitamin D-deficient patients. 0000185445 00000 n H\00Q(T/ X/;_\BO#8lm=7|kb{K"uS[]D8z5ynaMxjPshNF{}ov5e{-lqP|3Y:L|C/l. %%EOF After adjustment, those with severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/mL) had 2.99 (95% CI, 1.257.15) times the odds of ANA compared with having normal vitamin D levels (30 ng/mL), while deficient and insufficient individuals had twice the odds of ANA. This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES049028; to DP Sandler), and the National Institute on Aging (AG000015-57; to EM Simonsick). Lvgren T, Eloranta ML, Bve U, et al. Meier, Analysis and interpretation of data (e.g., statistical analysis, biostatistics, computational analysis): H.C.S. When ANA prevalence was compared between non-Hispanic blacks and non-Hispanic whites, a statistically significant difference was observed (P = 0.05). 0000135947 00000 n Only European American women who are Oklahoma residents were included in the study in order to minimise variations in 25(OH)D levels due to race, sex and latitude. Detection of ANA at a dilution of 1:120 or greater and anti-dsDNA at a dilution of 1:30 or greater was considered a positive result. The mean age of the 14 ANA-positive controls was significantly higher than the ANA-negative controls (54.1 vs 42.8 years; p=0.029, unpaired t test). ANA was measured in a 1:80 dilution of sera by immunofluorescence using HEp-2 cells (seropositive = 3 or 4+). This provides epidemiological evidence to suggest that vitamin D deficiency in autoimmunity is not solely a consequence of lifestyle changes associated with the disease. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(12); 155963. No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed. While specific mechanisms have been discovered for the influence of vitamin D on innate immunity, the potential role for vitamin D in the adaptive immune system is still not clear. NOTE: Bold text indicates statistical significance at P = 0.05. aRaoScott 2 for categorical variables, Wald F statistic for continuous variables. (A) Increased B cell activation (as measured by phospho-ERK (pERK1/2)) was correlated with decreased 25(OH)D levels in patients with SLE (r=0.40, p=0.03). High serum IFN-alpha activity is a heritable risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus. about navigating our updated article layout. Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were tested for intracellular phospho-ERK 1/2 as a measure of B cell activation status.

Experiments were performed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Institutional Review Boards at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Increased serum interferon (IFN) activity is associated with vitamin D deficiency and increased number of autoantibody specificities. 0000227130 00000 n A connective tissue disease screening questionnaire for population studies. Cutolo M, Otsa K, Paolino S, et al. Higher dilutions may be useful to identify individuals with higher levels of ANA in clinical settings; however, research on ANA in this NHANES sample was designed to obtain an estimate of ANA prevalence in the general population, most of whom do not have a diagnosis of autoimmune disease. 0000015902 00000 n 0000007546 00000 n Nonetheless, we performed a sensitivity analysis, excluding hypertensives. Beyond considering the molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D deficiency would predispose to autoimmunity, the extraordinarily high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in ANA-positive healthy individuals and patients with SLE strongly suggests that repletion with vitamin D should be considered. For this study, vitamin D deficiency was defined as 20 ng/ml.29 Vitamin D levels were determined from plasma samples obtained on the same date as the blood specimens procured to measure autoantibodies, serum IFN activity and B cell activation. This suggests that, although the number of autoantibody specificities and 25(OH)D levels are correlated (r2=0.138, p=0.037), both are good independent predictors of IFN activity. Patients with vitamin D deficiency also had higher mean (SD) serum IFN activity than patients without vitamin D deficiency (3.5 (6.6) vs 0.3 (0.3); p=0.02). Learn more Vitamin D and autoimmune rheumatologic disorders. Data for this study are from the 2001 to 2002 and 2003 to 2004 cycles when both serum vitamin D levels and ANA (n = 3,041) were measured. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies

0000022090 00000 n Therefore, we examined vitamin D deficiency in relation to ANA prevalence in the U.S. population aged 50 and older using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 20012004. This trend was not seen with any other measured lupus-associated antibody (dsDNA, La, Sm, nRNP, ribo P, aPL).

0000000016 00000 n 0000096594 00000 n 0000019267 00000 n National Library of Medicine The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. 0000111871 00000 n Vitamin D deficiency influences immune responses through several pathways, including regulation of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells (6).

Vitamin D involvement in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. The .gov means its official. 0000136449 00000 n Additionally, patients with 25(OH) D levels <20 ng/ml had increased mean (SD) pERK1/2 compared with patients with 25(OH)D levels >20 ng/ml (figure 2B; 56.4 (24.2) vs 39.6 (33.2); p=0.045, unpaired t test with Welchs correction of log-transformed data). After permeabilisation, cells were incubated with anti-CD79a-PE (BD Biosciences) and anti-phospho-Erk (pERK1/2) (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA). Interestingly, the 14 controls who were ANA-positive had a median 25(OH)D level of 17.4 (14.525.8) ng/ml, which was not statistically different from the patients with SLE (KruskalWallis test with Dunns post-test). Anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies were detected using a Crithidia luciliae indirect immunofluorescent assay (INOVA Diagnostics) according to the manufacturers instructions. Plasma 25(OH)D levels were determined in duplicate using an enzyme immunoassay kit (Immunodiagnostic Systems, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA) according to the manufacturers instructions. 8600 Rockville Pike 0000003697 00000 n Comorbid conditions or medications could contribute to the association between ANA and vitamin D. Ability to perform moderate/vigorous physical activity is only a crude indication of possibly comorbidity. Vitamin D deficiency was not associated with age, sex, or collection season. NHANES is a cross-sectional study, which limits the ability to determine causality of the association as temporality of exposure and outcome is not established. trailer Sandler, C.G. and transmitted securely. IFN activity values reported represent the number of SD above the mean of healthy donors (n=141).

12). To determine whether the relationship between 25(OH)D and IFN activity was dependent on the number of autoantibody specificities, various statistical models were compared using logistic regression. Vitamin D and colorectal, breast, and prostate cancers: a review of the epidemiological evidence, Vitamin D and prevention of colorectal adenoma: a meta-analysis, Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D and prostate cancer survival, Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum concentration and total cancer incidence and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications, Vitamin D, steroid hormones, and autoimmunity, Vitamin D deficiency is associated with an increased autoimmune response in healthy individuals and in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study, Harnessing the immune response for cancer detection, Serologic autoantibodies as diagnostic cancer biomarkersa review, Blood autoantibodies against tumor-associated antigens as biomarkers in early detection of colorectal cancer, Development of autoantibodies before the clinical onset of systemic lupus erythematosus, Natural autoantibodies in the serum of healthy womena five-year follow-up, Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of antinuclear antibodies in the United States, Vitamin D levels are associated with expression of SLE, but not flare frequency, Association of low vitamin D with high disease activity in an Australian systemic lupus erythematosus cohort, Vitamin D deficiency and its association with disease activity in new cases of systemic lupus erythematosus, Vitamin D and breast cancer: inhibition of estrogen synthesis and signaling, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D laboratory procedure manual NHANES 20012002, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D laboratory procedure manual NHANES 20032004, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 20012002 Data Documentation, Codebook, and Frequencies - Vitamin D, Demographic differences and trends of vitamin D insufficiency in the US population, 19882004, Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects, The cytokine milieu in the interplay of pathogenic Th1/Th17 cells and regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease, Reproductive and hormonal risk factors for antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in a representative sample of U.S. women, Autoimmunity and geriatrics: clinical significance of autoimmune manifestations in the elderly, Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3, This site uses cookies. Lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels are associated with increased B cell activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). These prior analyses that showed ANA increasing with age included a broader age range covering the life course from 12 to 70+ years (14). B, Weighted prevalence (95% CI) of ANA by race/ethnic-specific vitamin D levels in the U.S. population ages 50+, NHANES 20012004 (N = 1,012); low,

Vitamin D modulates innate and adaptive immune responses, and vitamin D deficiency, which is common in older adults, has been associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases (58). 0000146938 00000 n Copyright 2022 by the American Association for Cancer Research. All statistical analyses were carried out with GraphPad Prism Version 5.01 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, California, USA; http://www.graphpad.com). Potential mechanism for the role of vitamin D in B cell hyperactivity, autoantibody production and interferon (IFN) activity. 0000138417 00000 n In this sample restricted to middle-aged and older U.S. adults, ANA was not observed to increase with age in contrast to previous reports using NHANES data (14, 25). Furthermore, when categorised into vitamin D-deficient (25(OH)D <20 ng/ml) or non-deficient (25(OH)D >20 ng/ml), patients with SLE and ANA-positive controls were more likely to be vitamin D deficient (69% and 71%, respectively) than ANA-negative controls (22% deficient) (OR 7.7, 95% CI 2.0 to 29.4, p=0.003 and OR 8.8, 95% CI 1.8 to 43.6, p=0.011, respectively, Fisher exact test, figure 1B). Heinlen LD, McClain MT, Ritterhouse LL, et al. Toubi E, Shoenfeld Y.

0000012573 00000 n NHANES did not collect self-reported diagnoses of SLE in 2001 to 2004. Many autoimmune diseases were not assessed in NHANES, but disease-specific autoantibodies were uncommon in prior reports (14), and the onset of most autoimmune disease in older age is rare (26). 0000160551 00000 n

Vitamin D deficiency could also contribute to an increased IFN signature in myeloid dendritic cells. hb``d```f @adt`GwYIoj`X\uPGaCW>?~=?7=9*}Yg+R*TJb*Q%gm[~vwXNV!s8*| =nGkM__lsumNU7hS-G2|NPRRZvf..p/w`Py& 2011 Sep; 70(9): 15691574. Many immune cells contain vitamin D receptorsincluding monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and activated T and B cellsand these immune cells possess the enzymatic machinery (1-hydroxylase, CYP27B1) necessary to convert vitamin D into its active form.17 Isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with SLE incubated with 1,25(OH)2D or its synthetic analogues significantly reduced cellular proliferation, as well as induce polyclonal and anti-dsDNA Ig production.18 1,25(OH)2D has also been shown to induce apoptosis in activated B cells and to inhibit the generation of plasma cells and postswitch memory B cells, as well as regulatory T cells.19,20 The importance of vitamin D in innate immunity has been highlighted by studies demonstrating that monocyte/macrophage responses to bacterial infections via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are potentially stimulated by 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) following localised induction of both vitamin D receptor (VDR) and 1-hydroxylase.17, Interferon (IFN) has been shown to be a key cytokine in the pathogenesis of SLE. Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. Conclusions: Among U.S. residents ages 50 and older, vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher prevalence of ANA. Kamen DL, Cooper GS, Bouali H, et al. 44 +!"\A}BZX+kcX{kbV=ZX+kcX{nTSQ"LE }Fg }Fg }Fg }Fg }Fg }Fg)EFTgSx*O3xTg{219`!2/gEH3"}F_}>/gEHQk"k"_>}qDo)|~?iwm}ne:-ig;7e )0\2

Although no definitive study has been published demonstrating a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation on SLE disease severity, current knowledge supports vitamin D replacement for calcium homeostasis, bone health and potential immune system benefits. Weighted PORs (95% CI) of ANA by serum vitamin D level in the U.S. population age 50+, NHANES 20012004 (N = 1,012) adjusted for gender, age, education, race/ethnicity, season, and NHANES cycle. Vitamin D deficiency in older adults may increase vulnerability to cancer by contributing to immune dysfunction. A study was undertaken to explore the impact of low vitamin D levels on autoantibody production in healthy individuals, as well as B cell hyperactivity and interferon (IFN) activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). **p=0.003, *p=0.011 (Fisher exact test). 0000202387 00000 n We performed sensitivity analyses after excluding those with self-reported rheumatoid arthritis or thyroid problems, those unable to perform moderate physical activity, and premenopausal females (final analytic N = 747). Kamen DL, Tangpricha V. Vitamin D and molecular actions on the immune system: modulation of innate and autoimmunity. 0000185914 00000 n In a separate sensitivity analysis excluding participants with hypertension, the POR for the association between vitamin D deficiency and ANA was strengthened (POR severe deficiency excluding hypertensives: 3.81; 95% CI, 1.3310.89 versus 3.04; 95% CI, 1.257.40 including hypertensives), although less precise due to reduced sample size (final analytic N = 619). Ethics approval This study was conducted with the approval of the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF) and the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center. Patients with SLE who had high IFN activity (>1 SD above the mean of healthy controls) had an increased number of lupus-associated autoantibody specificities compared with those who had low IFN activity (<1 SD above the mean of healthy controls) (2.6 vs 0.9; p=0.002, unpaired t test; figure 3B). Functional assay of type I interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus plasma and association with anti-RNA binding protein autoantibodies. ANA intensity scores were confirmed independently by two experienced technicians who had an interrater agreement of greater than 95% (14). 0000005586 00000 n

Moser KL, Kelly JA, Lessard CJ, et al. As the first analysis conducted in a large, U.S. representative sample, this adds to a suggestive literature on vitamin D deficiency and ANA based on clinical studies of lupus patients and one small sample of clinical controls (7, 15). The role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses. Additional adjustment for BMI and physical activity had little impact on observed associations (severe deficiency POR: 2.64; 95% CI, 1.086.45; deficiency POR: 1.83; 95% CI, 1.013.30 and insufficiency POR: 2.01; 95% CI, 1.093.7; Ptrend = 0.05). Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact. An increase in B cell activation as measured by pERK1/2 was correlated with decreased levels of 25(OH)D in patients with SLE (r=0.40, p=0.03; figure 2A). Continuous serum 25(OH)D values were categorized as severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL), deficiency (1019.9 ng/mL), insufficiency (2029.9 ng/mL), and normal (30 ng/mL; ref. Amital H, Szekanecz Z, Szcs G, et al. Errors bars indicate SEM. ANAs were detected using an Hep-2 indirect immunofluorescent assay (INOVA Diagnostics, San Diego, California, USA) according to the manufacturers instructions. **p<0.01, KruskalWallis test with Dunns multiple comparison. 0000005559 00000 n This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. 25(OH)D levels were measured in 32 European American female patients with SLE and in 32 healthy matched controls. Parks, Writing, review, and/or revision of the manuscript: H.C.S. Serum samples from 32 European American female patients with SLE and 32 matched controls were tested for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels, lupus-associated autoantibodies and serum IFN activity. In addition, there was no difference in body mass index (BMI) values between ANA-positive and ANA-negative controls (26.1 vs 28.4 kg/m2; p=0.38, unpaired t test). PBMCs (1106) isolated by Ficoll-Paque gradients of fresh acid-citrate dextrose-anticoagulated blood were incubated at 37C for 15 min and then washed and permeabilised for 10 min with BD Phosflow Perm/Wash Buffer I (BD Biosciences, San Jose, California, USA). Hajas A, Sandor J, Csathy L, et al.

0000003389 00000 n Niewold TB, Hua J, Lehman TJ, et al. Greater vitamin D deficiency was associated with a higher prevalence of ANA (Ptrend = 0.0002). Representative flow cytometry gating and staining are shown in figure 1 in the online supplement. The study sample was drawn from data collected by NHANES, a population-based, probability survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population (National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

The reporter cells (Wistar Institute, Susan Hayflick cells, ATCC No. Conception and design: H.C.S. Mean 25(OH)D levels were compared using the KruskalWallis test with the Dunn multiple comparisons post-test. In contrast, the 18 controls who were ANA-negative had significantly higher 25(OH)D levels than the patients with SLE (p<0.01, figure 1A). Meier, D.P. Supplementary Table 1 S1:Weighted Mean or Proportion for Covariates by Levels of Serum Vitamin D in the U.S. population ages 50 years and older in NHANES 2001-2004, N=1012 Supplementary Table 2 S2:Weighted prevalence odds ratios (95% CI) of ANA by serum vitamin D level in the U.S. population aged 50+, NHANES 2001-2004 (N=1,012). An official website of the United States government. Serum IFN activity was measured in serum samples from patients with SLE and compared between patients with 25(OH) D levels >20 ng/ml (n=10) and <20 ng/ml (n=22). 0000015491 00000 n Ben-Zvi I, Aranow C, Mackay M, et al. Serum samples were tested for IgG autoantibodies to human cellular antigens using standard immunofluorescence methods described previously (14). Continuous variables were analysed using an unpaired t test. H\j@ 9& i{&c_>Xg?YZr2 !4rwm3gvipt9UrY]T|1u=^]n>wu:Om=^oxkD:5wg9v8Vt/Hg(@ZB/Z@h9QY@+6fYP !2B These results are consistent with growing evidence that vitamin D plays a role in modulating immune function, in addition to regulating cellular processes important in cancer cell growth and differentiation (23), and may contribute to the development of autoimmunity as measured by antinuclear autoantibodies, a potential marker of immune dysfunction. The new PMC design is here! This was accomplished using MDDCs from patients with SLE as well as MDDCs generated from controls which had been incubated with plasma from patients with SLE.24,25. Pelajo CF, Lopez-Benitez JM, Miller LC. Novel biomarkers in autoimmune diseases: prolactin, ferritin, vitamin D, and TPA levels in autoimmune diseases. 0000260494 00000 n We examined the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in antinuclear antibody (ANA)-positive healthy individuals in comparison with ANA-negative healthy individuals and patients with SLE. Crow MK, Kirou KA. Vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased presence of autoantibodies in healthy controls. Toloza SM, Cole DE, Gladman DD, et al.

The sample was limited to adults aged 50 years old and older (n = 1,130) to focus on an age range where age-associated elevations in ANA become apparent and to avoid complex interactions between vitamin D and hormones in premenopausal women (14, 18). Elevated ANA is considered a marker of self-reactivity, seen across multiple autoimmune conditions that may precede the development of such conditions by several years, as has been observed for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE; ref. 0000014273 00000 n Severe deficiency and deficiency of vitamin D were combined due to small numbers.

The median (IQR) prednisone dosage for vitamin D-deficient patients was 3 (05) mg/day compared with 0 (05) mg/day for those not deficient in vitamin D (p=0.507, MannWhitney test). Experimental studies have also shown that 1,25(OH)2D is able to skew the T cell compartment into a more anti-inflammatory and regulated state, with inhibitory actions on Th1 and Th17 cells and promoting the development of CD4 CD25 Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg).17 Vitamin D has been shown to induce tolerogenic dendritic cells, which promote Treg cell development and enhance recruitment of Treg cells to inflammatory sites.17 Thus, there are several different possible pathways by which vitamin D can influence the pathogenesis of SLE, B cell activity and autoantibody production. Among individuals in the U.S. population ages 50 and older, vitamin D deficiency was associated with higher prevalence of ANA. 0000068201 00000 n CCL-25, American Type Culture Collection, Manassas, Virginia, USA) were cultured with 50% patient serum for 6 h and then lysed. The SLE patient group had a median 25(OH)D level of 17.3 (IQR 11.921.2) ng/ml (figure 1A). 0000013829 00000 n Categorical data were analysed using the Fisher exact test.