Studies have shown that CCR7 expression is elevated in response to hypoxia conditions (60) and different types of cancer (61, 62). 28. The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Exercise: Mechanisms and Implications for the Prevention and Treatment of Disease. In agreement with these finding, studies have shown that obesity and diabetes accelerate biological ageing and consequently the appearance of age-related diseases especially through premature induction of the senescent state (26, 3133).
Age (Dordr) (2010) 32:4. doi:10.1007/s11357-010-9151-y, 17. It must be taken into consideration that this study is not without limitations. doi:10.1016/j.coi.2018.06.009, 39. All cDNAs were placed in a set of primers and a probe marked with SYBR Green. 29. Table2 presents the results for dietary intake assessments. Gleeson M, Bishop NC, Stensel DJ, Lindley MR, Mastana SS, Nimmo MA. In our study, obese middle-aged individuals with T2D or without any associated disease showed higher expression of senescent markers such PD-1 and P16ink4a when compared to lean middle-aged subjects, thus indicating the presence of a premature immunosenescence associated with obesity once PD1 is primarily associated with immune exhaustion (43). Plasma glucose analysis was performed using the GOD-Trinder method. JEPonline (2001) 4:3. Lack of CD28 expression has been suggested as an important marker of senescent T cells (35). Aging Cell (2006) 5:5. doi:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00231.x, 47. Although IL-4 plays a protective role in inflammation by suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine production like IFN-gamma, TNF- and IL-1 (41), our results herein may indicate that obesity can contribute to a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines that IL-4 are unable to suppress. DB wrote the first draft of the manuscript. CCR7 is expressed mainly in including nave T cells, central memory T cells, regulatory T cells, nave B cells, semi-mature/mature DCs and NK cells, and a minority of tumor cells, and it acts as a key regulator guiding homeostatic lymphocytes to secondary lymphoid organs (60). The datasets presented in this study can be found in online repositories.
*Correspondence: Diego T. Brunelli, diegotbrunelli@gmail.com, https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.806400, https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/Brown2.pdf, https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/60/8/2209, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Additionally, increased adipose tissue and markers of chronic inflammation and immunosenescence were associated to impairments in the cardiorespiratory capacity of obese middle-aged individuals.
Cytotoxic Activity of CD4 T Cells During the Early Stage of Autoimmune Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol (2018) 8:1960. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01960, 12. Obes Res Clin Pract (2020) 14:5. doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2020.07.007, 22. All volunteers in the OBD group were using metformin to treat T2D. The co-receptors CD28 and CD27 have frequently been used to define sub-populations of memory cells, and historically, down-regulation of CD28 was typically associated with loss of functionality, especially with a diminished proliferative capacity and loss of telomeres (56). Front Physiol (2020) 10:1607. doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01607, 7. 1. J Cell Physiol (2002) 193:1. doi:10.1002/jcp.10147, 49. The same investigator performed all measurement assessments.
In addition, a significant correlation was found between VO2max and fat-free mass (r = .762, p = 0.0001).
Thus, the need for studies that investigatethe adverse effects of obesity with or without associated comorbidity on the various factors related to immunosenescence is evident. 62. Type 2 Diabetes Is Associated With the Accumulation of Senescent T Cells. In conclusion, obesity, regardless of associated disease, induces increased gene expression of markers associated with inflammation and immunosenescence in circulating leukocytes in obese middle-aged individuals compared to a eutrophic group of the same age. Quereda V, Martinalbo J, Dubus P, Carnero A, Malumbres M. Genetic Cooperation Between p21Cip1 and INK4 Inhibitors in Cellular Senescence and Tumor Suppression. Zatterale F, Longo M, Naderi J, Raciti GA, Desiderio A, Miele C, et al. Rev Bras Med Esporte (2003) 9: 1218. P16ink4a Is a Robust In Vivo Biomarker of Cellular Aging in Human Skin. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.07.010, 34. The sample consisted of middle-aged obese individuals (body mass index (BMI) between 30-35 kg/m) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (OBD; n = 17) or without associated comorbidity (OB; n = 18), and a control group of eutrophic healthy individuals (BMI: 20 - 25 kg/m) of same ages (E; n = 18). Additionally, the increase in adipose tissue and consequently in chronic inflammation and early senescence of the immune system can lead to impairments in the cardiorespiratory capacity of obese middle-aged individuals.
Peripheral Mononuclear Blood Cells Contribute to the Obesity-Associated Inflammatory State Independently of Glycemic Status: Involvement of the Novel Proinflammatory Adipokines Chemerin, Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1, Lipocalin-2 and Osteopontin. Hunsche C, Hernandez O, de la Fuente M. Impaired Immune Response in Old Mice Suffering From Obesity and Premature Immunosenescence in Adulthood. The level of significance was set at p 0.05. Available at: https://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/60/8/2209. In this regard, since our results point to a negative correlation between the values of VO2max and CD27 expression, it is possible to infer that the persistence of CD27 + cells have some involvement in the context of dysregulation of the respiratory parameter in a systemic inflammatory process as observed in obesity. doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0221-5, 45. Endalifer ML, Diress G. Epidemiology, Predisposing Factors, Biomarkers, and Prevention Mechanism of Obesity: A Systematic Review. They were instructed to complete food records for three nonconsecutive days (two days in the week and one day at the weekend) and the mean of the three food records was used as the dietary intake of each subject.
Involvement of Chemokine Receptors in Breast Cancer Metastasis. doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(97)00151-6, 21. Obesity is considered a global health problem, affecting a large part of the population and becoming one of the main causes of reduced quality of life, morbidity and mortality (13). Hazeldine J, Lord JM. p16Ink4a Overexpression in Cancer: A Tumor Suppressor Gene Associated With Senescence and High-Grade Tumors. Chronic Adipose Tissue Inflammation Linking Obesity to Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes. Effros RB, Walford RL. Heeb LEM, Egholm C, Boyman O. Evolution and Function of Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling in Adaptive Immunity and Neutrophils. Rosengren A. Obesity and Cardiovascular Health: The Size of the Problem. Anaerobic Threshold and Respiratory Gas Exchange During Exercise. Adipose Tissue Imune Response: Novel Triggers and Consequences for Chronic Inflammatory Conditions. doi:10.1101/2020.03.10.985614, 31. Clin Mol Allergy (2017) 15:21. doi:10.1186/s12948-017-0077-0, 36. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in age, height and 1RM of the bench press and leg press between the groups studied (p > 0.05). CC Chemokine Receptor-7 on Dendritic Cells is Induced After Interaction With Apoptotic Tumor Cells: Critical Role in Migration From the Tumor Site to Draining Lymph Nodes. Expression of the P16ink4a Tumor Suppressor Versus Other INK4 Family Members During Mouse Development and Aging. Brown LE, Joseph P, Weir JP. Front Endocrinol (2019) 10:266. doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00266, 32. Additionally, there is a consensus that an appropriate defensive immune response requires low levels of oxidation and inflammation interconnected with many feedback loops (10). Procedures Recommendation I: Accurate Assessment of Muscular Strength and Power. Oncogene (1997) 15:2. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201178, 46. IUBMB Life (2007) 59:7. doi:10.1080/15216540701488358, 53. The association between physical fitness and body composition with the gene expression of the immunosenescence markers used in the present study was tested by Spearmans correlation test. Association Between HSV1 Seropositivity and Obesity: Data From the National Health and Nutritional Examination Surve2008.
Additionally, all participants were informed about the purpose and risks of the study and signed an informed consent document before participation. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) (2010) 3:2. doi:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-09-0229, 54. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers.
The gene expression of leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-, PD-1, P16ink4a, CCR7, CD28 and CD27 of circulating leukocytes was performed in duplicate using the Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique, following the descriptions of Pradella etal. Akbar AN, Henson SM. Exclusion criteria included the following: coronary artery disease, severe hypertension, type 1 diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, limiting osteo-articular diseases, or were using any medication that could interfere in the physiological responses of evaluations. Obesity Is Associated With Impaired Immune Response to Influenza Vaccination in Humans. Int J Obes (Lond) (2013) 37:33340. This may be explained, in part, by the overexpression of leptin found in the present study, since the systemic increase in this adipokine increases the proliferation of B lymphocytes, decreases its apoptosis and activates its secretion of cytokines such as TNF-, IL-6 and IL-10 (36). Rodrigues LP, Teixeira VR, Alencar-Silva T, Simonassi-Paiva B, Pereira RW, Pogue R, et al. Available at: https://www.asep.org/asep/asep/Brown2.pdf. Genes Nutr (2013) 8:4. doi:10.1007/s12263-012-0329-z, 66. Ghigliotti G, Barisione C, Garibaldi S, Fabbi P, Brunelli C, Spallarossa P, et al.
Wu J, Xue L, Weng M, Sun Y, Zhang Z, Wang W, et al. Immunol. Leptin Functions in Infectious Diseases.
Additionally, all individuals were instructed not to consume caffeine and alcohol 24 hours before collection. Subjects were required to perform 10 repetitions at 50% of their estimated 1RM (according to each participants capacity). J Lipid Res (2013) 54:9. doi:10.1194/jlr.M038638, 10. A Primer on Cytokines: Sources, Receptors, Effects, and Inducers. Palmer AK, Tchkonia T, LeBrasseur NK, Chini EN, Xu M, Kirkland JL. PloS One (2007) 2:1. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000164, 50. Ksiazek K, Piwocka K, Brzezinska A, Sikora E, Zabel M, Breborowicz A, et al. Figure1 Gene expression of leptin (A), IL-2 (B), IL-4 (C), CD27 (D), IL-10 (E), TNF- (F), PD-1 (G), CD28 (H), IL-6 (I), P16ink4a (J) and CCR7 (K) in PBMCs of obese diabetic (OBD) or Obese without associated disease (OB) or Eutrophic (E) middle-aged individuals. Cancer Res (2000) 60(8):220917. J ImmunoTher Cancer (2019) 5:30. doi:10.1186/s40425-017-0231-8, 56. Nat Rev Immunol (2011) 11:28995. Pradella F, Boldrini VO, Marques AM, Moraes GAD, Francelin C, Cocenza RS, et al. 12:806400. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.806400. De La Fuente M, Castro NM. However, there is currently no complete understanding of the signs that trigger senescence and, although P16ink4a appears to be one of the main factors in senescence, more information is needed to determine the exact role of each factor in this process (54). DB and VB performed the gene expression analysis. Bandt JP, Monin C. Obesity, Nutrients and the Immune System in the Era of COVID-19. Williams A, Greene N, Kimbro K. Increased Circulating Cytokine Levels in African American Women With Obesity and Elevated HbA1c. Moreover, VO2max for the OBD and OB groups was significantly lower compared to E. In conclusion, obesity, regardless of associated disease, induces increased gene expression of markers associated with inflammation and immunosenescence in circulating leukocytes in obese middle-aged individuals compared to a eutrophic group of the same age. Ageing Res Rev (2013) 12:4. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2013.04.003, 18. DB and RD performed the statistical analysis. Leptin expression was significantly higher for the OBD and OB groups compared to E (p = 0.001 and p= 0.047, respectively; Figure1A) and also for OBD compared to OB (p = 0.020; Figure1A). We also observed that anti-inflammatory markers (as in the case of IL-10 and IL-4) were more expressed in the circulating leukocytes of obese individuals with or without diabetes when compared to lean individuals. The human HPRT primer was used as the reference gene for the reaction (endogenous control).
Obesity Decreases B Cell Responses in Young and Elderly Individuals. Lau EYM, Carroll EC, Callender LA, Hood GA, Berryman V, Pattrick M, et al. Cytometry A (2014) 85:1. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22351, 58. Canepa ET, Scassa ME, Ceruti JM, Marazita MC, Carcagno AL, Sirkin PF, et al. Lancet (2014) 384:9945. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8, 2. As regards the correlations between the physical fitness and body composition variables, significant negative correlations were observed between VO2max and BMI (r = -.504, p = 0.0001) and VO2max and body fat (r = -.762, p = 0.0001). In fact, studies show that obese individuals have a higher prevalence and severity of persistent viral infections, such as the herpes simplex virus type 1 - (HSV1) (22) and SARS-CoV-2 (21) and a lower immune response to infections by pathogens and vaccines (23, 24), thus indicating the presence of a less competent immune system when compared to non-obese individuals with similar age. Tuning the Cytokine Responses: An Update on Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 Receptor Complexes. Ageing Dev (2003) 124:4. doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(03)00013-7, 59. doi:10.1038/ijo.2012.62, 25. However, cell damage was seen to appear when these levels were increased (as in the case of obesity) and innate immunity cells, such as macrophages, exhibit an over-activated production of oxidative and inflammatory compounds which occurs mainly in the absence of antigenic stimulus and cannot be neutralized by antioxidant nor anti-inflammatory defenses, thus leading to a chronic state of oxidative and inflammatory stress (5, 10). Genes Nutr (2015) 10:3. doi:10.1007/s12263-015-0460-8, Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, inflammation, aging, physical fitness, adipose tissue, Citation: Brunelli DT, Boldrini VO, Bonfante ILP, Duft RG, Mateus K, Costa L, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Teixeira AM, Farias AS and Cavaglieri CR (2022) Obesity Increases Gene Expression of Markers Associated With Immunosenescence in Obese Middle-Aged Individuals. Diabetes (2016) 65:8. doi:10.2337/db15-1689, 64.
Thus, since CD28 expression in our study trend to be lower in the obese groups, we speculate that chronic inflammation associated with obesity increases successive rounds of T cell proliferation and may induce exhaustion in memory CD8+ T cells, since these cells tend to lose CD28 expression before losing CD27 (57). Maurya R, Bhattacharya P, Dey R, Nakhasi HL. All data are presented in values of mean SD. Furthermore, studies have shown that IL-4 and IL-13 mediated IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) signaling in both mouse and human neutrophils inhibits their migration and effector functions in vitro and in vivo (3840). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Table2 Carbohydrates, protein, lipids and total calories ingestion of obese diabetic (OBD) or Obese without associated disease (OB) or Eutrophic (E) middle-aged individuals. All the data were analyzed using the IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 (IBM Corp. Copyright IBM Corporation, USA) software program. J Appl Physiol (2006) 100:3. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.01086.2005, 51. DNA Damage Drives an Activin a-Dependent Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Premalignant Cells and Lesions. Carbohydrate ingestion was significantly higher for OBD as compared to OB (p = 0.038) and E (p = 0.001). Through the use of animal models, it was possible to demonstrate the involvement of CCR7 in the process of chronic inflammation and insulin resistance. (5) observed that macrophage and lymphocyte chemotaxis, macrophage phagocytosis, NK cell activity, lymphocyte proliferative response, secretion of IL-1, TNF-, IL-6, IL-2 and IL- 10 in leukocyte cultures, as well as the antioxidant and oxidative capacity of obese adult rats were significantly impaired when compared to non-obese adult rats and similar to elderly rats, thus concluding that obesity can generate premature immunosenescence that is aggravated as the obese adult rat ages. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. PloS One (2011) 6:5. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0019092, 23. Obesity Associated With Increased Brain Age From Midlife. Although the loss of the co-receptors CD27 and CD28 can be considered to be indicative of impaired telomere function in T cells and denotes progression towards replicative senescence (57), Colonna-Romano etal. Khan SH, Hemann EA, Legge KL, Norian LA, Badovinac VP. Paradoxical Effects of Obesity on T Cell Function During Tumor Progression and PD-1 Checkpoint Blockade. INK4 Proteins, a Family of Mammalian CDK Inhibitors With Novel Biological Functions. Additionally, IL-4 is one of the signature cytokines of type II inflammatory response and is the key regulator of activation, growth and differentiation of lymphocyte functions (37). Front Immunol (2018) 9:2741. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02741, 37. All samples were collected, processed, divided into aliquots, and stored at -80C for subsequent analysis. CCR7 Maintains Nonresolving Lymph Node and Adipose Inflammation in Obesity. DB, VB, and AF wrote sections of the manuscript. Additionally, the authors thank the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq; grant n 303571/2018-7) and the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES; grant n 102164/2020-7). Curr Immunol Rev (2012) 8:1. doi:10.2174/157339512798991290, 13. Significant differences were found for weight, BMI, body fat, fat-free mass, waist circumference and VO2max for OBD and OB as compared to E (p < 0.0001 for all the comparisons). Biogerontology (2018) 19:6. doi:10.1007/s10522-018-9763-7, 15.
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
Nutrients (2021) 13:2. doi:10.3390/nu13020610, 35. Specifically in relation to the female sex, the volunteers had to be postmenopausal. Additionally, the extraction of the total leukocyte mRNA was performed following the instructions of the Trizol reagent. In addition, the expression of P16ink4a increases markedly with aging in most mouse tissues and in human skin and kidney tissues (45, 46), which suggests the importance of this tumor suppressor in aging and senescence (47, 48). J Appl Physiol (1973) 35:2. doi:10.1152/jappl.1973.35.2.236, 30. Excess Body Mass Is Associated With T Cell Differentiation Indicative of Immune Ageing in Children. Another interesting result found in our study was the higher expression of CCR7 in the obese groups when compared to the lean subject. Ventura MT, Casciaro M, Gangemi S, Buquicchio R. Immunosenescence in Aging: Between Immune Cells Depletion and Cytokines Up-Regulation. (58) have reported an increase in the percentage of CD27+ B cells and NK cells during aging. Despite this, we did not find significant differences as regard CD28 expression. Furthermore, it has been postulated that the presence of senescent cells may be the causative agent in the development and progression of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and contributes to tissue dysfunction; however, the diabetic milieu might permit the development of senescent cells (25). Mol Cell Biol (1996) 16:3. doi:10.1128/mcb.16.3.859, 48.
Maximal-strength for upper- and lower-body was measured by a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test on bench press and leg press. Fulop T, Larbi A, Dupuis G, Le Page A, Frost EH, Cohen AA, et al. Hum Immunol (1984) 9:1. doi:10.1016/0198-8859(84)90006-5, 57. As for the list of primers, the following 5 and 3 sequences were used: HPRT (forward: GACCAGTCAACAGGGGACAT, reverse: AACACTTCGTGGGGTCCTTTTC); Leptin (forward: GGCTTTGGTCCTATCTGTCTTATGTTC; reverse: CCTGTTGATAGACTGCCAGAGTCTG); CD27 (forward: ACTACTGGGCTCAGGGAAAGCT; reverse: GGATCACACTGAGCAGCCTTTC); CD28 (forward: GAGAAGAGCAATGGAACCATTATC; reverse: TAGCAAGCCAGGACTCCACCAA); P16INK4a (forward: GGGGGCACCAGAGGCAGT; reverse: GGTTGTGGCGGGGGCAGTT); PD1 (forward: CGTGGCCTATCCACTCCTCA; reverse: ATCCCTTGTCCCAGCCACTC); IL-2 (forward: GAATCCCAAACTCACCAGGATGCTC; reverse: TAGCACTTCCTCCAGAGGTTTGAGT); IL-6 (forward: GGTACATCCTCGACGGCATCT; reverse: GTGCCTCTTTGCTGCTTTCAC); IL-10 (forward: CCGTGGAGCAGGTGAAGAATG; reverse: AGTCGCCACCCTGATGTCTC); IL-4 forward: AACTTTGTCCACGGACACAAGTGC; reverse: GAATCGGATCAGCTGCTTGTGCCT); CCR7 (forward: GCCCAGATGGTTTTTGGGTTC; reverse: GCAAGGTACGGATGATAATGAGG); TNF (forward: CGAGTCTGGGCAGGTCTACTTT; reverse: AAGCTGTAGGCCCCAGTGAGTT). Egholm C, Heeb LEM, Impellizzieri D, Boyman O. Curr Opin Immunol (2018) 54:11522. Cytokine (2020) 128:154989. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2020.154989, 43. Romagosa C, Simonetti S, Lpez-Vicente L, Mazo A, Lleonart ME, Castellvi J, et al. In this sense, the present study aimed to verify, in circulating leukocytes, the gene expression of markers related to early immunosenescence associated with obesity and its possible relationships with the physical fitness in obese adults with type 2 diabetes or without associated comorbidities. This chronic inflammation associated with obesity directly impacts innate and adaptive immunity cells with both a pro-inflammatory orientation of immune cells in the basal state and results in a decrease in their ability to respond to infection and re-infection (6, 34). T Cell Cultures and the Hayflick Limit. The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Research Ethics Committee of the University of Campinas (CAAE: 55952516.6.0000.5404).
The cardiorespiratory fitness verified by the maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) was determined by the average values of the last 30 s of the test (29).
Increased gene expression of leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TNF-, PD-1, P16ink4a, CCR7 and CD27 was found for the OBD and OB groups compared to the E group. Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyal SN, Beaver WL. Genes Immun (2020) 21:1439.
Results presented herein show that obesity, regardless of associated disease (such as type 2 diabetes mellitus), induces increased gene expression in circulating leukocytes of markers related to chronic inflammation and to senescence of the immune system in obese middle-aged individuals compared to a eutrophic group of the same age. Curfs JH, Meis JF, Hoogkamp-Korstanje JA. Salvestrini V, Sell C, Lorenzini A. Obesity May Accelerate the Aging Process. The Regulatory Effects of Interleukin-4 Receptor Signaling on Neutrophils in Type 2 Immune Responses. Furthermore, it has been proposed that dysfunctional adipocytes are involved in the production of oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species, implicating further inflammation and tissue damage (9). Frasca D, Ferracci F, Diaz A, Romero M, Lechner S, Blomberg BB. Obesity as a Model of Premature Immunosenescence. Thus, the involvement of PD-1 and P16ink4a during inflammation may contribute to increased cell senescence in obesity and type 2 diabetes (55). Obes Surg (2007) 17:11. doi:10.1007/s11695-008-9424-z, 65. Approximately 10ml of blood was collected from the antecubital vein into Vacutainer tubes (Becton Dickinson Ltd, Oxford/England) for plasma samples (containing anticoagulant EDTA), in the morning (07:00 09:00 a.m.), after a 12 hour overnight fast and at least 72 hours before the physical and functional evaluations. On the other hand, gene expression of IL-6 showed significant higher only for the OB group compared to E (p = 0.038; Figure1I), with no difference when comparing the OBD group to OB (p = 1.00) and E (p = 0.253). Huttunem R, Syrjnem J. Obesity and the Risk and Outcome of Infection. Arranz L, Lord JM, de la Fuente M. Preserved Ex Vivo Inflammatory Status and Cytokine Responses in Naturally Long-Lived Mice. All groups (OBD, OB and E) performed the functional analyses [muscle strength (1RM) and cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max)], anthropometry, body composition (Air Displacement Plethysmograph), blood collections for biochemical (anti-CMV) and molecular (gene expression of leptin, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-, PD-1, P16ink4a, CCR7, CD28 and CD27) analyses of markers related to immunosenescence at baseline. In addition, increase evidence suggests that the process of aging is the result of the accumulation of cellular damage caused by oxidative and inflammation stress throughout the lifetime of an organism, where the immune system seems to be involved in this stress and in the rate of aging (5, 11). Cardiovasc Diabetol (2011) 10:42. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-10-42, 5. The cardiorespiratory assessment was performed using a progressive effort protocol on a treadmill (Quinton, model TM55, USA), with a continuous collection of expired gases breath to breath (CPX Ultima, MedGraphics, USA). Spielmann G, Johnston CA, OConnor DP, Foreyt JP, Simpson RJ. * Significantly different from OB; & Significantly different from E; p 0.05. Colonna-Romano G, Bulati M, Aquino A, Scialabba G, Candore G, Lio D, et al. Oncogene (2007) 26:55. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210578, 52.
Fordyce C, Fessenden T, Pickering C, Jung J, Singla V, Berman H, et al. All volunteers did not perform any systematic physical activities in the period prior to the study and were classified as irregularly active according to the Baecke questionnaire, with the times of weekly physical activity reported as follows: OBD = 65.03 8.08min; OB = 63.13 7.08min; and E = 68.50 9.30min. Thus, according to other studies that also found an increase in IL-4 associated with obesity (42), we speculate that increased expression of IL-4 in the obese groups compared to lean subjects may be due to a compensatory mechanism trying to maintain cell functions, homeostasis and tissue integrity.
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