The generation of MSW from commercial centers, educational facilities, wedding halls, hotels, visitor housing, restaurants, and cafes was decreased. In the western region of Saudi Arabia (Makkah and Madinah cities), it was indicated that almost all SARS-CoV-2 infection occurs among the households within the indoor environment (Habeebullah et al. 0000000016 00000 n SARS-CoV-2 remains detectable at 22C (room temperature) through plaque assay for up to 24 h on paper currency, for up to 4 h on clothing, and for up to 96 h on the skin (Harbourt et al. The mismanagement of municipal solid waste during the COVID-19 pandemic may lead to many environmental and health problems, especially in the outdoor environment, such as viral environmental contamination and facilitating disease transmission. 2020). 0000003894 00000 n %%EOF endstream endobj startxref Loizia P, Voukkali I, Chatziparaskeva G, Pedreo JN, Zorpas AA. For the commercial centers, solid waste must be collected separately in a specific bin (Figure. 0000002585 00000 n The aerosol survival of related human coronaviruses is relatively high. The efficient SW management strategy results in great advantages for the waste management guidelines (strategy) and eco-friendly waste management practices including a minimized environmental footprint, enhanced relations with stakeholders, minimized liabilities and environmental risk, and health and safety benefits (Ball and Taleb 2010; Loizia et al. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the This leads to pickers collecting such infectious substrates and mixing them with MSW. corrupt MSW was sampled and characterized in different locations in Makkah city during the month of July 2020 (during pandemic and lockdown), for a total of 8 samples (the number of samples was limited due to the pandemic circumstances and lockdown in Makkah). Luca F, Cervino G, Matarese M, DAmico C, Surace G, Paduano V, Fiorillo MT, Moschella A, La Bruna A, Luca Romano G, Laudicella R, Baldari S, Cicci M. COVID-19 surface persistence: a recent data summary and its importance for medical and dental settings. This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. 0000001667 00000 n Concerning the PPE from the commercial food centers of Makkah, some practices were indicated, during COVID-19, related to MSW management and focused on providing specific bins for collecting used face masks, gloves, and disinfectant containers, in order to make sure they were not mixed with the generated MSW (Figure (Figure77). 2020. Wang Z, Guy C, Ng KTW, An CA. The generated MSW from commercial centers will be decreased. A literature survey indicated the potential of spread of the COVID-19 pandemic because of the different tasks (e.g., handling, collection, transportation, and disposal) involving MSW, through improper and traditional environmental management (Mol and Caldas 2020). 0000010079 00000 n
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Therefore, the disposal of personal protective tools (e.g., face masks and gloves) in public streets (Figure (Figure8)8) and in the metal containers distributed in Makkah may represent a potential source of infection. On 21 March 2020, KSA announced the suspension of all domestic and international travel. These control measures impacted the MSW generation, characterization, and management, with a significant increase in medical wastes. MSW generated from quarantine sites (e.g., hospitals, hotels, and schools) should be managed, from collection until disposal, as a medical waste. 2021; Hantoko et al. Strategy development in the framework of waste management. EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs and Agency (2020) Regulation of municipal solid and medical waste during the pandemic of COVID-19. During the COVID-19 pandemic, routine people activities were overturned, which led to a shifting in the trends of solid waste created by medical facilities, quarantine centers, streets, and households (Tripathi et al. EPA530-d-02-002, August 2002. 1Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Islamic Architecture, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia, 2Department of Environmental and Health Research, Umm Al-Qura University, P.O. ys] R,->GM. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Thus, the contaminated fomites represent a potential risk for virus transmission (Biryukov et al. Using a snowball sampling method, an online questionnaire was administered to 523 respondents to gather data on household knowledge of waste management. 0000006405 00000 n In addition, the paper presents a practical e-waste management approaches and concepts; like Value-Belief Norm and Extended Producer Responsibility might be implemented and used in tomorrow's Saudi. 2010; and Chan et al. Survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Media Reports, 2020. The reduce concept cannot be applied during the pandemic due to the increase in organic waste as a direct result of people working and studying at their homes. The system of MSW management in Makkah can be summarized into five major steps: (1) the baseline data of the MSW, in the context of generation rates, quantities of recyclable materials, MSW characterization, and quantities of MSW; (2) the collection procedure of MSW by using the street-to-street method, and during the peak months of Ramadan (Umrah season) and pilgrimage periods for the holy places in Makkah; (3) the transportation of the collected MSW from Makkah and holy places to the MSW transfer stations, then transporting to Kaakia landfill (southwest Makkah); (4) the recovery of MSW, which is not represented in Makkah; and, finally, (5) the disposal of MSW at Kaakia landfill (Figure (Figure4)4) (Alsebaei 2014). van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, Tamin A, Harcourt JL, Thornburg NJ, Gerber SI, et al. 0000049738 00000 n SARS-CoV-2 can survive on different kinds of surfaces for about 3 days, depending on surrounding environmental conditions (DHS Science and Technology Directorate 2020). (2021) stated that plastic waste should be properly managed during the COVID-19 pandemic to avoid its adverse effects on the environment, animals, and human health. 0000096701 00000 n In indoor environmental conditions (at room temperature, 24C), SARS-CoV-2 may persist for hours to days on different kinds of contaminated surfaces (stainless steel, plastic, or nitrile glove). Ijaz MK, Brunner AH, Sattar SA, Nair RC, Johnson-Lussenburg CM. The generated MSW from quarantine sites (homes, hotels), except that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 of capacity). 2020). Sizun J, Yu MW, Talbot PJ.
This study also contributes by providing an optimal and specific guideline for handling, collecting, transporting, and disposing of MSW.
Suspension of specific vehicles and operating compactor vehicles only during the pandemic may lower the potential of spread of infection by COVID-19 through the surveyed streets; it is also advised to increase the thickness of sediments used as a daily cover for the compacted MSW at the disposal sites (landfill). Periodical cleaning and disinfection of the compactor vehicles should be applied continually in Makkah, to minimize the suitable media for growth and multiplication of all pathogens through the uncleaned MSW compactors. 2021). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. SARS-CoV-2 can persist on plastic and metal surfaces for 72 h at 2123C and 40% RH (van Doremalen et al. Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. 0000021654 00000 n
The lockdown of the residents of Makkah during the COVID-19 pandemic has had a direct impact on their lifestyles, in terms of suspension of Umrah, schools, workplaces in all government agencies, sports activities, and gyms. Nghiem et al. 0000014480 00000 n
The suggested guidance plan describes and specifies structured and ordered practices of MSW management in Makkah during COVID-19 and other pandemics. Abd El-Rahim, Email: as.ude.uqu@miharledbahi. 0000029946 00000 n
Received 2021 Mar 28; Accepted 2021 Jul 14. <> National Library of Medicine In addition, the rates of MSW components differed, due to such extreme changes of lifestyle, with an increase of organic waste from 48 to 57%, an increase of plastic waste from 25 to 31%, and a decrease of paper/cardboard waste from 20 to 9% (Figure (Figure22). In addition to the establishment of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC), which contributed to increasing the percentage of hospitals that achieved the American average for measured patient safety culture from 30% in 2018 to 60% in 2019, the Kingdom topped the list of Arab countries, in terms of the Global Health Security Index, in 2019 and was ranked 47th globally. Loizia P, Voukkali I, Zorpas AA. 
During the COVID-19 lockdown, a field characterization study was conducted using a total of eight samples, with a weight ranging between 22 and 47 Kg, for a group of households distributed in the central districts in Makkah, in order to assess the rates of main MSW components; this indicated the average rates of classification as follows: organic matters, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1% (see Figure Figure22). 2015). Improvement of coastal environment was detected during COVID-19 lockdown according to the applied KPIs such as waste accumulation index (WAI) and waste accumulation rate (WAR) (Loizia et al. Harbourt D, Haddow A, Piper A, Bloomfield H, Kearney B, Gibson K, Minogue T. Modeling the stability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on skin, currency, and clothing. Handling the disinfectants and cleaning solutions as contaminated MSW. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. stream These implemented actions and curfew lead to a direct/indirect impact on the status of MSW, regarding the generation rates, characterization, and disposal of MSW as described in Table Table1,1, wherein the generated MSW from commercial centers, schools, universities, wedding halls, hotels, visitors housing, restaurants, and cafes was decreased, in addition to decreasing of the generation of plastic cups and water bottles from mosques. Chin AWH, Chu JTS, Perera MRA, Hui KPY, Yen H, Chan MCW, Peiris M, Poon LLM. This paper can assist legislators and government organizations in Saudi Arabia and other developing countries in promoting awareness regarding e-waste management, eventually helping Saudi Arabia meet its Vision 2030 targets regarding sustainable production and consumption. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China; 2019. The present study reviews MSW management practices in the pre-pandemic conditions of Makkah, as well as during the COVID-19 pandemic. 0000028837 00000 n
The generated MSW from restaurants and cafes will be decreased. 8600 Rockville Pike On-demand MSW services for the specific sites of gardens and bulky waste, Periodic cleaning of the streets and plastic and metallic containers, The pickers and handlers of MSW during COVID-19 and future pandemics should wear full PPE and take other safety and health measures as precautionary means in their work environment as displayed and ordered in Figure, Modulating the frequency of collection of MSW, according to specific needs, Online training for MSW personnel, in order to increase the skills related to health precautions related to MSW management systems, Providing disinfectants to the pickers and handlers of MSW throughout the operational time, Developing an operational system and designing time gaps for MSW workers, in order to avoid direct contact between workers, Periodical medical investigations of MSW pickers, drivers, and workers at disposal sites. An official website of the United States government. 0000060994 00000 n
2021). Klemes JJ, Fan YV, Tan RR, Jiang P. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. By comparing the MSW characterization in Makkah in pre-pandemic and during COVID-19 pandemic conditions, we observed an increase in organic and plastic components and a decrease of paper/cardboard and glass components, which can be interpreted as due to the changes in lifestyle and food purchasing requirements, more than the needs, of citizens. 0000037605 00000 n
Impact of the lockdown and curfew on the generation of MSW in Makkah was discussed with special reference to the handling of COVID-19 protective tools. 2020). The uncontrollable spread of personal protective equipment (PPE) from infected and uninfected individuals may increase the potential of COVID-19 spread, due to the mixing of infected with uninfected MSW. Of the participants, 70.1% claimed that they had not been educated on how e-waste poses a serious environmental problem, and 88.35% were willing to take part in managing waste after developing a proper understanding.